{"id":470,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:11","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=470"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:44:22","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:44:22","slug":"caci-454-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-454-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 454 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5evnf4-c016dcb52e26e200e2be5ee100fdccc9\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5evnf4-c016dcb52e26e200e2be5ee100fdccc9{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5evnf4-c016dcb52e26e200e2be5ee100fdccc9 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5evnf4-c016dcb52e26e200e2be5ee100fdccc9 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5evnf4-c016dcb52e26e200e2be5ee100fdccc9 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 454 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5ey1ns-c7077c2741f487bb6d55b25b74f48682\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5ey1ns-c7077c2741f487bb6d55b25b74f48682 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5ey1ns-c7077c2741f487bb6d55b25b74f48682 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">454\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations<\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Name of defendant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">] contends that [<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">name of plaintiff<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">]\u2019s lawsuit was not filed within the time set by law. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">name of defendant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">] must prove that [<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">name of plaintiff<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">]\u2019s claimed harm occurred before [<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">insert date from applicable statute of limitation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">New April 2007; Revised December 2007 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Directions for Use<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">This instruction states the common-law rule that an action accrues on the date of injury. (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Jolly v. Eli Lilly &amp; Co.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(1988) 44 Cal.3d 1103, 1109 [245 Cal.Rptr. 658, 751 P.2d 923]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.) The date to be inserted is the applicable limitation period before the filing date. For example, if the limitation period is two years and the filing date is August 31, 2007, the date is August 31, 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">For an instruction on the delayed-discovery rule, see\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">CACI No. 455<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Statute of Limitations\u2014Delayed Discovery<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">. See also verdict form\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">CACI No. VF-410<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Statute of Limitations<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2014Delayed Discovery\u2014<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Reasonable Investigation Would Not Have Disclosed Pertinent Facts<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Do not use this instruction for attorney malpractice. (See\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">CACI No. 610<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014One-Year Limit,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">CACI No. 611<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014Four-Year Limit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cClaimed harm\u201d refers to all of the elements of the cause of action, which must have occurred before the cause of action accrues and the limitation period begins. (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Glue-Fold, Inc. v. Slautterback Corp.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1018, 1029 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 661]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.) In some cases, it may be necessary to modify this term to refer to specific facts that give rise to the cause of action. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Sources and Authority<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Two-Year Statute of Limitations.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Code of Civil Procedure section 335.1<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Three-Year Statute of Limitations.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Code of Civil Procedure section 338(c)<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">One-Year Statute of Limitations.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Code of Civil Procedure section 340.2(c)<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cA limitation period does not begin until a cause of action accrues, i.e., all essential elements are present and a claim becomes legally actionable.\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Glue-Fold, Inc., supra<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 1029<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201cOrdinarily this is when the wrongful act is done and the obligation or the liability arises, but it does not \u2018accrue until the party owning it is entitled to begin and prosecute an action thereon.\u2019\u2009\u201d \u2026 In other words, \u201c[a] cause of action accrues \u2018upon the occurrence of the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">last element essential to the cause of action<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Choi v. Sagemark Consulting<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 308, 323 [226 Cal.Rptr.3d 267]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, original italics.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cIt is undisputed that plaintiffs discovered shortly after the accident in 2010 that [defendant] had failed to secure the insurance coverage plaintiffs requested. Thus, this case does not involve the delayed discovery doctrine, which makes \u2018accrual of a cause of action contingent on when a party discovered or should have discovered that his or her injury had a wrongful cause.\u2019 In delayed discovery cases, \u2018plaintiffs are required to conduct a reasonable investigation after becoming aware of an injury, and are charged with knowledge of the information that would have been revealed by such an investigation.\u2019 Here, the question is when plaintiffs incurred \u2018actual injury\u2019\u2014not when they discovered [defendant]\u2019s negligence. The trial court erred to the extent that it relied on the delayed discovery doctrine to determine when plaintiffs incurred actual injury.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Lederer v. Gursey Schneider LLP<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 508, 521 [231 Cal.Rptr.3d 518]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cWhere, as here, \u2018damages are an element of a cause of action, the cause of action does not accrue until the damages have been sustained.\u2009\u2026 \u201cMere threat of future harm, not yet realized, is not enough.\u201d \u2026 \u201cBasic public policy is best served by recognizing that damage is necessary to mature such a cause of action.\u201d \u2026 Therefore, when the wrongful act does not result in immediate damage, \u201cthe cause of action does not accrue prior to the maturation of perceptible harm.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Thomson v. Canyon<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 594, 604 [129 Cal.Rptr.3d 525]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[O]nce plaintiff has suffered actual and appreciable harm, neither the speculative nor uncertain character of damages nor the difficulty of proof will toll the period of limitation.\u2019 Cases contrast actual and appreciable harm with nominal damages, speculative harm or the threat of future harm. The mere breach of duty\u2014causing only nominal damages, speculative harm or the threat of future harm not yet realized\u2014normally does not suffice to create a cause of action.\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">San Francisco Unified School Dist. v. W. R. Grace &amp; Co.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 1318, 1326 [44 Cal.Rptr.2d 305]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cViolations of a continuing or recurring obligation may give rise to \u2018continuous accrual\u2019 of causes of action, meaning that \u2018\u2009\u201ca cause of action accrues each time a wrongful act occurs, triggering a new limitations period.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Esparza v. Safeway, Inc.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 42, 59 [247 Cal.Rptr.3d 875]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cGenerally, the bar of the statute of limitations is raised as an affirmative defense, subject to proof by the defendant.\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Czajkowski v. Haskell &amp; White<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 166, 174 [144 Cal.Rptr.3d 522]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[R]esolution of the statute of limitations issue is normally a question of fact\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Romano v. Rockwell Int\u2019l, Inc.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(1996) 14 Cal.4th 479, 487 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 20, 926 P.2d 1114]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cCommencement of the statute of limitations is usually a factual question, but can be resolved as a matter of law when, as here, the material facts are not disputed.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Moss v. Duncan<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 569, 574 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 689]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cBecause the relevant facts are not in dispute, the application of the statute of limitations may be decided as a question of law.\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Lederer, supra<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, 22 Cal.App.5th at p. 521<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cBased upon our review of legal precedent and our understanding of the principles and policies of the continuous accrual theory, we conclude that the theory is not limited in its application to cases in which a payor has acted \u2018wrongfully\u2019 in the sense of failing or refusing to make a periodic payment to a payee.\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Blaser v. State Teachers\u2019 Retirement System<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 349, 372 [249 Cal.Rptr.3d 701]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201cSo long as the time allowed for filing an action is not inherently unreasonable, California courts afford \u2018contracting parties considerable freedom to modify the length of a statute of limitations.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Wind Dancer Production Group v. Walt Disney Pictures<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 56, 74 [215 Cal.Rptr.3d 835]<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">4 Witkin, California Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Actions, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009493\u2013507, 553\u2013592, 673<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">5 Levy et al.,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">California Torts, Ch. 71,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Commencement, Prosecution, and Dismissal of Tort Actions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, \u00a7\u00a7\u200971.01<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u201371.06<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">30\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 345,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Limitation of Actions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009345.19<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">345.20<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">33\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Negligence<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, \u00a7\u2009380.150<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">14\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">California Points and Authorities, Ch. 143,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Limitation of Actions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, \u00a7\u2009143.20 et seq.<\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">1 Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Pretrial Civil Procedure, Ch. 4,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">Limitation of Actions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"highlighted b55922c8-ddcd-4eb5-87e4-e2541e3d1459 0f810085-a4e9-4b52-be3e-608846dac8b3\">, 4.05, 4.14, 4.38, 4.39<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-ogwjy-842b315c4322d99a0a4250cc25b93b3e hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ii5ue-1f2c62ef7e85f84f57ea1455f947aca3\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ii5ue-1f2c62ef7e85f84f57ea1455f947aca3 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ii5ue-1f2c62ef7e85f84f57ea1455f947aca3 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-470","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 454 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations - Judicial Council California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-454-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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