{"id":471,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:11","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=471"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:43:38","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:43:38","slug":"caci-453-injury-incurred-in-course-of-rescue","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-453-injury-incurred-in-course-of-rescue\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 453 Injury Incurred in Course of Rescue"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5etubb-8f9c640eac04cae8934b6b8ee88c8918\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5etubb-8f9c640eac04cae8934b6b8ee88c8918{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5etubb-8f9c640eac04cae8934b6b8ee88c8918 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5etubb-8f9c640eac04cae8934b6b8ee88c8918 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5etubb-8f9c640eac04cae8934b6b8ee88c8918 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 453 Injury Incurred in Course of Rescue<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5ev7iz-0f7bf377a02cc38988de4da50c26a8ba\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5ev7iz-0f7bf377a02cc38988de4da50c26a8ba .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5ev7iz-0f7bf377a02cc38988de4da50c26a8ba '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">453\u00a0Injury Incurred in Course of Rescue<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was not at fault for [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] own injury because [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was attempting to rescue a person who was in danger [as a result of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligence].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To establish this claim,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That there was, or a reasonable person would have perceived that there was, an emergency situation in which someone was in actual or apparent danger of immediate injury;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [the emergency\/a danger to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] was created by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligence; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed while attempting to rescue the person in danger. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction sets forth the rescue doctrine. As originally developed, the doctrine established a duty of care toward the rescuer and was also the rescuer\u2019s response to the affirmative defense of contributory negligence when contributory negligence was a complete bar to recovery. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solgaard v. Guy F. Atkinson Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1971) 6 Cal.3d 361, 368 [99 Cal.Rptr. 29, 491 P.2d 821].) Today it may be asserted in much the same way as a response to a claim for comparative fault. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Neighbarger v. Irwin Industries, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal.4th 532, 536\u2013537 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 630, 882 P.2d 347]\u00a0[rescue doctrine discussed in case decided after contributory negligence was no longer a complete bar].)<\/p>\n<p>The doctrine does not apply if the plaintiff acted rashly or recklessly in attempting the rescue. The defendant has the burden of proving rash or reckless conduct. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solgaard, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.3d at p. 368.)<\/p>\n<p>One older case has held that the doctrine can apply to a defendant other than one who created the emergency if the defendant negligently increased the plaintiff\u2019s peril. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Scott v. Texaco, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1966) 239 Cal.App.2d 431, 435\u2013436 [48 Cal.Rptr.785]\u00a0[defendant\u2019s vehicle negligently struck plaintiff while she was trying to stop traffic because of an accident up ahead].) Subsequently, the California Supreme Court stated the doctrine as a right to recover from the person\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">whose negligence created the peril<\/span>. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solgaard, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.3d at p. 368, emphasis added.) However, the negligence of someone other than the one who created the emergency was not at issue in the case, so it is not clear that the court\u2019s language would foreclose such a claim. To use this instruction for such a case, select \u201ca danger to [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span>]\u201d in element 2. Also omit the bracketed material in the opening sentence. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe cases have developed the rule that persons injured in the course of undertaking a necessary rescue may, absent rash or reckless conduct on their part, recover from the person whose negligence created the peril which necessitated the rescue. [\u00b6] Although its precise limits are not yet fully developed, the rescue doctrine varies the ordinary rules of negligence in two important respects: (1) it permits the rescuer to sue on the basis of defendant\u2019s initial negligence toward the party rescued, without the necessity of proving negligence toward the rescuer, and (2) it substantially restricts the availability of the defense of contributory negligence by requiring defendant to prove that the rescuer acted rashly or recklessly under the circumstances.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solgaard, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.3d at p. 368, footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe rescue doctrine contemplates a voluntary act by one who, in an emergency and prompted by spontaneous human motive to save human life, attempts a rescue that he had no duty to attempt by virtue of a legal obligation or duty fastened on him by his employment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bryant v. Glastetter<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 770, 784 [38 Cal.Rptr.2d 291].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he rescue doctrine arose in an era of contributory negligence, where any negligence on the part of a plaintiff barred the action. \u2018The purpose of the rescue doctrine when it was first created was to avoid having a plaintiff be found contributorily negligent as a matter of law when he voluntarily placed himself in a perilous position to prevent another person from suffering serious injury or death, the courts often stating that the plaintiff\u2019s recovery should not be barred unless his rescue attempt was recklessly or rashly made.\u2019 Most defendants could point to some negligence by the rescuer and simply approaching the danger could be construed as negligent, or as an assumption of the risk. This advanced no tenable public policy: It deterred rescues and ran counter to the human impulse to help others in need. Accordingly, the courts ruled the act of approaching danger did not interrupt the normal causal reach of tort liability and did not, of itself, establish contributory negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sears v. Morrison<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 577, 581 [90 Cal.Rptr.2d 528], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to assert the rescue doctrine, the rescuer must show that there was someone in peril and that he acted to rescue such person from the peril.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tucker v. CBS Radio Stations, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1252 [124 Cal.Rptr.3d 245].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe evidence in the instant case was uncontradicted that defendant\u2019s employees \u2026 were in peril of their lives, that immediate action was required to save or assist them, that plaintiff undertook to rescue them, and that he was injured while in the course of doing so. It is apparent, therefore, that plaintiff was, as a matter of law, a rescuer and entitled to the benefits of the rescuer doctrine, including an instruction to the jury that as a rescuer, plaintiff could recover on the basis of defendant\u2019s negligence to [its employees], if plaintiff\u2019s injury was a proximate result thereof, and if plaintiff acted neither rashly nor recklessly under the circumstances.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solgaard, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.3d at p. 369.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOne also generally owes a duty of care to bystanders who attempt a rescue that becomes necessary due to one\u2019s own negligence. Thus, although it is contributory negligence unreasonably to expose oneself to a risk created by the defendant\u2019s negligence, a person is not contributorily negligent who, with due care, encounters the risk created by the defendant\u2019s negligence in order to perform a rescue necessitated by that negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Neighbarger, supra<\/span>, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 536\u2013537, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe do not accept this narrow view of the rescue rule, which would focus attention on the person creating the original danger and not on the person of the rescuer. We think the force of the rule should properly be centered on the rescuer, for it is the quality of his conduct which is being weighed. Whether he was induced to enter a position of danger as a result of the act of a particular defendant or as a result of some outside force is inconsequential to the process of evaluating the quality of his behavior.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Scott, supra<\/span>, 239 Cal.App.2d at pp. 435\u2013436.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Plaintiff] asserts that he should not have been required to show that respondents\u2019 negligence threatened real and imminent harm to himself or others, but only that he reasonably perceived the appearance of such danger\u2009\u2026\u2009. We agree.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris v. Oaks Shopping Ctr.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 206, 210 [82 Cal.Rptr.2d 523].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the rescue doctrine, an actor is usually liable for injuries sustained by a rescuer attempting to help another person placed in danger by the actor\u2019s negligent conduct. The question here is whether an actor is liable for injuries sustained by a person who is trying to rescue\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">the actor<\/span>\u00a0from his own negligence. The answer is yes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sears, supra<\/span>, 76 Cal.App.4th at p. 579, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn general, the rescue doctrine permits a rescuer to recover for injuries sustained while attempting to rescue a party placed in danger by the defendant\u2019s conduct. In this case we conclude that the rescuer cannot maintain negligence claims against defendant because he failed to establish that a duty of care was owed to the rescued party.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tucker, supra<\/span>, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 1248.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is some disagreement among the authorities where the danger is only to property. In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Henshaw v. Belyea<\/span>\u00a0(1934) 220 C. 458, 31 P.2d 348, plaintiff ran from a safe place on the sidewalk in an attempt to save his employer\u2019s truck from slipping downhill by placing a block under a wheel, and his foot was crushed. The court approved the extension of the rescue doctrine to such a case. (220 C. 463.) (See 23 Cal. L. Rev. 110; 8 So. Cal. L. Rev. 159.)\u201d (6 Witkin Summary of California Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, \u00a7\u20091308.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091463\u20131465<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Guide (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed.) \u00a7\u20091.41<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence: Duty and Breach<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.03[4],\u00a01.30\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0California Trial Guide, Unit 90,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Closing Argument<\/span>, \u00a7\u200990.90\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.30[5][e][v]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009165.140\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-r696n-db88cf20e8a709ba3813e5df7caa676f hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kpgs7-ed253b36bc95dafe91495c06c10b2edf\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kpgs7-ed253b36bc95dafe91495c06c10b2edf .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kpgs7-ed253b36bc95dafe91495c06c10b2edf '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-471","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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