{"id":486,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=486"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:53:16","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:53:16","slug":"caci-473-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-occupation-involving-inherent-risk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-473-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-occupation-involving-inherent-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 473 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Occupation Involving Inherent Risk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5grkha-d1ac1672b3fc39a61beaad28da3c2173\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5grkha-d1ac1672b3fc39a61beaad28da3c2173{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5grkha-d1ac1672b3fc39a61beaad28da3c2173 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5grkha-d1ac1672b3fc39a61beaad28da3c2173 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5grkha-d1ac1672b3fc39a61beaad28da3c2173 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 473 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Occupation Involving Inherent Risk<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5gswws-3acb80551b7518f7fb780e05a24f46e8\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5gswws-3acb80551b7518f7fb780e05a24f46e8 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5gswws-3acb80551b7518f7fb780e05a24f46e8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">473\u00a0Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Occupation Involving Inherent Risk<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] while [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was performing [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] job duties as [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify, e.g., a firefighter<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is not liable if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s injury arose from a risk inherent in the occupation of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., firefighter<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. However, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may recover if [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] unreasonably increased the risks to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] over and above those inherent in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., firefighting<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [misrepresented to\/failed to warn] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [of] a dangerous condition that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] could not have known about as part of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] job duties;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the cause of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s injury was not related to the inherent risk;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New May 2017; Revised May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if the plaintiff asserts an exception to assumption of risk of the injury that the plaintiff suffered because the risk is an inherent part of the plaintiff\u2019s duties. This has traditionally been referred to as the \u201cfirefighter\u2019s rule.\u201d (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gregory v. Cott<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 59 Cal. 4th 996, 1001 [176 Cal. Rptr. 3d 1, 331 P.3d 179].)<\/p>\n<p>There are, however, exceptions to nonliability under the firefighter\u2019s rule. The plaintiff may recover if (1) the defendant\u2019s actions have unreasonably increased the risks of injury beyond those inherent in the occupation; (2) the defendant misrepresented or failed to disclose a hazardous condition that the plaintiff had no reason to know about; or (3) the cause of the injury was not related to the inherent risk. This instruction asks the jury to determine whether an exception applies. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gregory, supra<\/span>, 59 Cal.4th at p. 1010.) These exceptions are presented in the options to element 1.<\/p>\n<p>While duty is a question of law, courts have held that whether the defendant has increased the risk is a question of fact for the jury. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luna v. Vela<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 102, 112\u2013113 [86 Cal.Rptr.3d 588]\u00a0[and cases cited therein].)<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction on primary assumption of risk applicable to coparticipants, see\u00a0CACI No. 470,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Coparticipant in Sport or Other Recreational Activity.<\/span>\u00a0For an instruction applicable to coaches, instructors, or trainers, see\u00a0CACI No. 471,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches<\/span>. For an instruction applicable to facilities owners and operators and to event sponsors, see\u00a0CACI No. 472,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPrimary assumption of risk cases often involve recreational activity, but the doctrine also governs claims arising from inherent occupational hazards. The bar against recovery in that context first developed as the \u2018firefighter\u2019s rule,\u2019 which precludes firefighters and police officers from suing members of the public for the conduct that makes their employment necessary. After\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight<\/span>, we have viewed the firefighter\u2019s rule \u2018not \u2026 as a separate concept,\u2019 but as a variant of primary assumption of risk, \u2018an illustration of when it is appropriate to find that the defendant owes no duty of care.\u2019 Whether a duty of care is owed in a particular context depends on considerations of public policy, viewed in light of the nature of the activity and the relationship of the parties to the activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gregory, supra<\/span>, 59 Cal. 4th at pp. 1001\u20131002, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe firefighter\u2019s rule, upon which the [defendant] relies, and the analogous veterinarian\u2019s rule, are examples of the primary assumption of risk doctrine applied in the employment context.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Moore v. William Jessup University<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 427, 435 [197 Cal.Rptr.3d 51].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOur holding does not preclude liability in situations where caregivers are not warned of a known risk, where defendants otherwise increase the level of risk beyond that inherent in providing care, or where the cause of injury is unrelated to the symptoms of [Alzheimers] disease.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gregory, supra<\/span>, 59 Cal.4th at p. 1000.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he principle of assumption of risk, which forms the theoretical basis for the fireman\u2019s rule, is not applicable where a fireman\u2019s injuries are proximately caused by his being misled as to the nature of the danger to be confronted.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lipson v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 31 Cal.3d 362, 371 [182 Cal. Rptr. 629, 644 P.2d 822].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe firefighter\u2019s rule, however, is hedged about with exceptions. The firefighter does not assume every risk of his or her occupation. The rule does not apply to conduct other than that which necessitated the summoning of the firefighter or police officer, and it does not apply to independent acts of misconduct that are committed after the firefighter or police officer has arrived on the scene.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Neighbarger v. Irwin Industries, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal.4th 532, 538 [34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 630, 882 P.2d 347], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe have noted that the duty to avoid injuring others \u2018normally extends to those engaged in hazardous work.\u2019\u2009\u2018We have never held that the doctrine of assumption of risk relieves all persons of a duty of care to workers engaged in a hazardous occupation.\u2019 However, the doctrine does apply in favor of those who hire workers to handle a dangerous situation, in both the public and the private sectors. Such a worker, \u2018as a matter of fairness, should not be heard to complain of the negligence that is the cause of his or her employment. [Citations.] In effect, we have said it is unfair to charge the defendant with a duty of care to prevent injury to the plaintiff arising from the very condition or hazard the defendant has contracted with the plaintiff to remedy or confront.\u2019 This rule encourages the remediation of dangerous conditions, an important public policy. Those who hire workers to manage a hazardous situation are sheltered from liability for injuries that result from the risks that necessitated the employment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gregory, supra<\/span>, 59 Cal.4th at p. 1002, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] person whose conduct precipitates the intervention of a police officer owes no duty of care to the officer \u2018with respect to the original negligence that caused the officer\u2019s intervention.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harry v. Ring the Alarm, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 749, 759 [246 Cal.Rptr.3d 471].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause of the nature of the activity, caring for the mentally infirm, and the relationship between the parties, patient and caregiver, mentally incompetent patients should not owe a legal duty to protect caregivers from injuries suffered in attending to them. Here, the very basis of the relationship between plaintiff and [defendant] was to protect [defendant] from harming either herself or others.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Herrle v. Estate of Marshall<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1761, 1770 [53 Cal.Rptr.2d 713].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091515<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 15,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">General Premises Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u200915.23\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.173\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009165.412\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-oxik6-af5f14eb42ce9cdf64abb3c9f7f4ff84 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mnuqu-cca96c51e3d7e1409ef786e77534cb82\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mnuqu-cca96c51e3d7e1409ef786e77534cb82 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mnuqu-cca96c51e3d7e1409ef786e77534cb82 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-486","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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