{"id":487,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=487"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:52:33","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:52:33","slug":"caci-472-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-facilities-owners-and-operators-and-event-sponsors","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-472-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-facilities-owners-and-operators-and-event-sponsors\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 472 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5gpo6m-f3321977d89773780dee1ca047b92159\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5gpo6m-f3321977d89773780dee1ca047b92159{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5gpo6m-f3321977d89773780dee1ca047b92159 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5gpo6m-f3321977d89773780dee1ca047b92159 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5gpo6m-f3321977d89773780dee1ca047b92159 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 472 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  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class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5gr39b-074dc3d2d184abac3abc031b38939c31\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5gr39b-074dc3d2d184abac3abc031b38939c31 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5gr39b-074dc3d2d184abac3abc031b38939c31 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">472\u00a0Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed while [participating in\/watching] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">sport or other recreational activity e.g., snowboarding<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] at [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify facility or event where plaintiff was injured, e.g., ski resort<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was the [owner\/operator\/sponsor\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">a ski resort<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] unreasonably increased the risks to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] over and above those inherent in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., snowboarding<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] unreasonably failed to minimize a risk that is not inherent in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., snowboarding<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and unreasonably exposed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to an increased risk of harm;]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New December 2013; Revised and Renumbered From CACI No. 410 May 2017; Revised May 2019 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction sets forth a plaintiff\u2019s response to a defendant\u2019s assertion of the affirmative defense of primary assumption of risk. Primary assumption of risk generally absolves the defendant of a duty of care toward the plaintiff with regard to injury incurred in the course of a sporting or other recreational activity covered by the doctrine. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight v. Jewett<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 3 Cal.4th 296, 320 [11 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 834 P.2d 696].) There is, however, a duty applicable to facilities owners and operators and to event sponsors not to unreasonably increase the risks of injury to participants and spectators beyond those inherent in the activity. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nalwa v. Cedar Fair, L.P.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 55 Cal.4th 1148, 1162 [150 Cal.Rptr.3d 551, 290 P.3d 1158]\u00a0[participants];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lowe v. California League of Prof. Baseball<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 112, 123 [65 Cal.Rptr.2d 105]\u00a0[spectators].)<\/p>\n<p>There is also a duty to minimize risks that are extrinsic to the nature of the sport; that is, those that can be addressed without altering the essential nature of the activity. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hass v. RhodyCo Productions<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 11, 38 [236 Cal.Rptr.3d 682].) Choose either or both options for element 2 depending on which duty is alleged to have been breached.<\/p>\n<p>While duty is a question of law, courts have held that whether the defendant has increased the risk is a question of fact for the jury. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luna v. Vela<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 102, 112\u2013113 [86 Cal.Rptr.3d 588]\u00a0[and cases cited therein]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Willhide-Michiulis v. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 344, 354 [235 Cal.Rptr.3d 716]\u00a0[court to decide whether an activity is an active sport, the inherent risks of that sport, and whether the defendant has increased the risks of the activity beyond the risks inherent in the sport].) There may also be disputed facts that must be resolved by a jury before it can be determined if the doctrine applies. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shin v. Ahn<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 42 Cal.4th 482, 486 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 803, 165 P.3d 581].)<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction on primary assumption of risk applicable to coparticipants, see\u00a0CACI No. 470,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Coparticipant in Sport or Other Recreational Activity.<\/span>\u00a0For an instruction on primary assumption of risk applicable to instructors, trainers, and coaches, see\u00a0CACI No. 471,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches<\/span>. For an instruction applicable to occupations with inherent risk, see\u00a0CACI No. 473,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Occupation With Inherent Risk. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[U]nder the primary assumption of risk doctrine, operators, sponsors and instructors in recreational activities posing inherent risks of injury have no duty to eliminate those risks, but do owe participants the duty not to unreasonably increase the risks of injury beyond those inherent in the activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nalwa, supra<\/span>, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1162.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe doctrine applies to recreational activities \u2018\u2009\u201cinvolving an inherent risk of injury to voluntary participants \u2026 where the risk cannot be eliminated without altering the fundamental nature of the activity.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">(<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Griffin v. The Haunted Hotel, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 490, 500 [194 Cal.Rptr.3d 830].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough the doctrine is often applied as between sports coparticipants, it defines the duty owed as between persons engaged in any activity involving inherent risks. The doctrine applies to activity \u2018done for enjoyment or thrill, requires physical exertion as well as elements of skill, and involves a challenge containing a potential risk of injury\u2019 \u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jimenez v. Roseville City School Dist.\u00a0<\/span>(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 594, 601 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 536], internal citations omitted; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bertsch v. Mammoth Community Water Dist.\u00a0<\/span>(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1201, 1208 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 757]\u00a0[\u201cThese factors certainly apply to skateboarding\u201d], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhat the primary assumption of risk doctrine does not do, however, is absolve operators of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">any obligation<\/span>\u00a0to protect the safety of their customers. As a general rule, where an operator can take a measure that would increase safety and minimize the risks of the activity\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">without also altering the nature of the activity<\/span>, the operator is required to do so. As the court explained in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight,<\/span>\u00a0\u2018in the sports setting, as elsewhere, the nature of the applicable duty or standard of care frequently varies with the role of the defendant whose conduct is at issue in a given case.\u2019 When the defendant is the operator of an inherently risky sport or activity (as opposed to a coparticipant), there are \u2018steps the sponsoring business entity reasonably should be obligated to take in order to minimize the risks without altering the nature of the sport [or activity].\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grotheer v. Escape Adventures, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 1283, 1300 [222 Cal.Rptr.3d 633], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThus,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nalwa<\/span>\u00a0actually reaffirms\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight\u2019s<\/span>\u00a0conclusions regarding the duties owed to participants by operators\/organizers of recreational activities. In short, such operators and organizers have two distinct duties: the limited duty not to increase the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">inherent<\/span>\u00a0risks of an activity under the primary assumption of the risk doctrine and the ordinary duty of due care with respect to the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">extrinsic<\/span>\u00a0risks of the activity, which should reasonably be minimized to the extent possible without altering the nature of the activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hass, supra<\/span>, 26 Cal.App.5th at p. 38, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe determinant of duty, \u2018inherent risk,\u2019 is to be decided solely as a question of law and based on the general characteristics of the sport activity and the parties\u2019 relationship to it.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Griffin, supra,<\/span>\u00a0242 Cal.App.4th at p. 501.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAdmittedly, it is sometimes said that \u2018[t]he existence and scope of a defendant\u2019s duty of care in the primary assumption of risk context \u201cis a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">legal<\/span>\u00a0question which depends on the nature of the sport or activity \u2026 and on the parties\u2019 general relationship to the activity, and is an issue to be decided by the court, rather than the jury.\u201d\u2009\u2019 This statement of the rule is correct where there is no dispute about the inherent risks, and such cases may be resolved on summary judgment. [\u00b6] However this statement is overly broad. Although the risks inherent in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">many<\/span>\u00a0activities are not subject to reasonable dispute (e.g., being hit with a baseball during a game), the risks inherent in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">some<\/span>\u00a0activities are not commonly known. In such cases, expert testimony may be required \u2018\u2009\u201cfor purposes of weighing whether the inherent risks of the activity were increased by the defendant\u2019s conduct.\u201d\u2009\u2019 \u2026 Thus, it is not entirely accurate to say inherent risks of an activity always present purely legal questions, because sometimes the nature of an activity and its risks must be gleaned from the evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jimenez, supra,<\/span>\u00a0247 Cal.App.4th at p. 608, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough we recognize the Court of Appeal decisions specifically addressing the point are in conflict, we believe resolving this issue is not a matter of further defining [defendant]\u2019s duty, which would be a question of law for the court. Rather, it requires application of the governing standard of care (the duty not to increase the risks inherent in the sport) to the facts of this particular case\u2014the traditional role of the trier of fact. (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vine v. Bear Valley Ski Co., supra<\/span>, 118 Cal.App.4th at pp. 591\u2013592\u00a0[whether defendant\u2019s design of snowboard jump increased inherent risks of snowboarding is question for jury];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solis v. Kirkwood Resort Co., supra<\/span>, 94 Cal.App.4th at p. 365\u00a0[whether artificial jumps built by resort increased inherent risk of falling while skiing is question for jury];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lowe v. California League of Prof. Baseball<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 112, 123 [65 Cal.Rptr.2d 105]\u00a0[whether distraction caused by activities of minor league baseball team\u2019s mascot increased inherent risk of spectator being hit by a foul ball \u2018is issue of fact to be resolved at trial\u2019]; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huff v. Wilkins, supra<\/span>, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 745\u00a0[\u2018it is the trial court\u2019s province to determine whether defendants breached their duty not to increase the inherent risk of a collision [in the sport of off-roading], and it should hold a hearing for this purpose before impaneling a jury\u2019];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Golf Corp. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 30, 37 [93 Cal.Rptr.2d 683]\u00a0[\u2018[i]t is for the court to decide \u2026 whether the defendant has increased the risks of the activity beyond the risks inherent in the sport\u2019]; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huffman v. City of Poway<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 975, 995, fn. 23 [101 Cal.Rptr.2d 325]\u00a0[indicating it is for the court to determine whether defendant\u2019s conduct increased the risk inherent in participating in a particular sport, but that trial court may receive expert testimony on the customary practices in the sport to make that determination].) [\u00b6] Our conclusion it is for the trier of fact to determine whether [defendant] breached his limited duty not to increase the risks inherent in the sport of volleyball finds solid support in the Supreme Court\u2019s most recent sports injury, primary assumption of the risk decision,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shin v. Ahn, supra<\/span>, 42 Cal.4th 482, a case that postdates the appellate court decisions suggesting the issue is one for the court to resolve.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luna, supra<\/span>, 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 112\u2013113.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough defendants generally have no legal duty to eliminate (or protect a plaintiff against) risks inherent in the sport itself, it is well established that defendants generally do have a duty to use due care not to increase the risks to a participant over and above those inherent in the sport. Thus, although a ski resort has no duty to remove moguls from a ski run, it clearly does have a duty to use due care to maintain its towropes in a safe, working condition so as not to expose skiers to an increased risk of harm. The cases establish that the latter type of risk, posed by a ski resort\u2019s negligence, clearly is not a risk (inherent in the sport) that is assumed by a participant.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight, supra<\/span>, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 315\u2013316.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight<\/span>, defendants had a duty\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">not to increase<\/span>\u00a0the inherent risks to which spectators at professional baseball games are regularly exposed and which they assume. As a result, a triable issue of fact remained, namely whether the [defendants]\u2019 mascot cavorting in the stands and distracting plaintiff\u2019s attention,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">while the game was in progress<\/span>, constituted a breach of that duty, i.e., constituted negligence in the form of increasing the inherent risk to plaintiff of being struck by a foul ball.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lowe, supra<\/span>, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 114, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]hose responsible for maintaining athletic facilities have a \u2026 duty not to increase the inherent risks, albeit in the context of businesses selling recreational opportunities.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Avila v. Citrus Community College Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2006) 38 Cal.4th 148, 162 [41 Cal.Rptr.3d 299, 131 P.3d 383], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight<\/span>, consistently with established case law, simply requires courts in each instance to examine the question of duty in light of the nature of the defendant\u2019s activities and the relationship of the parties to that activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Parsons v. Crown Disposal Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 15 Cal.4th 456, 482 [63 Cal.Rptr.2d 291, 936 P.2d 70].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause primary assumption of risk focuses on the question of duty, it is not dependent on either the plaintiff\u2019s implied consent to, or subjective appreciation of, the potential risk.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Griffin, supra,\u00a0<\/span>242 Cal.App.4th at p. 502, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDefendants\u2019 obligation not to increase the risks inherent in the activity included a duty to provide safe equipment for the trip, such as a safe and sound craft.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ferrari v. Grand Canyon Dories<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 248, 255 [38 Cal.Rptr.2d 65].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A duty not to increase the risk] arises only if there is an \u2018\u2009\u201corganized relationship\u201d\u2009\u2019 between the defendants and the participant in relation to the sporting activity, such as exists between a recreational business operator and its patrons \u2026\u2009. [I]mposing such a duty in the context of these types of relationships is justified because the defendants are \u2018responsible for, or in control of, the conditions under which the [participant] engaged in the sport.\u2019\u2009\u201d However, \u2018[t]his policy justification does not extend to a defendant wholly uninvolved with and unconnected to the sport,\u2019 \u2026 who neither \u2018held out their driveway as an appropriate place to skateboard or in any other way represented that the driveway was a safe place for skateboarding.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bertsch, supra,<\/span>\u00a0247 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1208\u22121209, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091496\u20131497, 1501\u20131508<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 3-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mitigating Factors In Reduction Of Damages<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20093:1120 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 4,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Comparative Negligence, Assumption of the Risk, and Related Defenses<\/span>, \u00a7\u20094.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 273,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Games, Sports, and Athletics<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009273.31\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009165.401 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-2nfk7-dbc0c6387cd31ae93c92ce0836607e71 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ktn9b-518ca5223bec19a897f1bc3d72ecd4c1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ktn9b-518ca5223bec19a897f1bc3d72ecd4c1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ktn9b-518ca5223bec19a897f1bc3d72ecd4c1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-487","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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