{"id":488,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=488"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:51:42","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:51:42","slug":"caci-471-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-instructors-trainers-or-coaches","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-471-primary-assumption-of-risk-exception-to-nonliability-instructors-trainers-or-coaches\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 471 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5gnyp6-19dc9b5666ab01dd5955b7e093b7a820\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5gnyp6-19dc9b5666ab01dd5955b7e093b7a820{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5gnyp6-19dc9b5666ab01dd5955b7e093b7a820 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5gnyp6-19dc9b5666ab01dd5955b7e093b7a820 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5gnyp6-19dc9b5666ab01dd5955b7e093b7a820 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 471 Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5gpaw5-f5057593274c3edfb9e0a74466475918\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5gpaw5-f5057593274c3edfb9e0a74466475918 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5gpaw5-f5057593274c3edfb9e0a74466475918 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">471\u00a0Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [coaching\/training\/instruction]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [coach\/trainer\/instructor];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intended to cause [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] injury or acted recklessly in that [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] conduct was entirely outside the range of ordinary activity involved in teaching or coaching [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">sport or other recreational activity, e.g., horseback riding<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in which [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was participating;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] unreasonably increased the risks to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] over and above those inherent in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., horseback riding<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised April 2004, June 2012, December 2013; Revised and Renumbered From CACI No. 409 May 2017; Revised May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction sets forth a plaintiff\u2019s response to a defendant\u2019s assertion of the affirmative defense of primary assumption of risk. Primary assumption of risk generally absolves the defendant of a duty of care toward the plaintiff with regard to injury incurred in the course of a sporting or other recreational activity covered by the doctrine. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knight v. Jewett<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 3 Cal.4th 296, 320 [11 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 834 P.2d 696].)<\/p>\n<p>There are exceptions, however, in which there is a duty of care. Use the first option for element 2 if it is alleged that the coach or trainer intended to cause the student\u2019s injury or engaged in conduct totally outside the range of the ordinary activity involved in teaching or coaching the sport or activity. Use the second option if it is alleged that the coach\u2019s or trainer\u2019s failure to use ordinary care increased the risk of injury to the plaintiff, for example, by encouraging or allowing the plaintiff to participate in the sport or activity when the plaintiff was physically unfit to participate or by allowing the plaintiff to use unsafe equipment or instruments. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eriksson v. Nunnink<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 826, 845 [120 Cal.Rptr.3d 90].) If the second option is selected, also give\u00a0CACI No. 400,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Essential Factual Elements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>While duty is a question of law, courts have held that whether the defendant has unreasonably increased the risk is a question of fact for the jury. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luna v. Vela<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 102, 112\u2013113 [86 Cal.Rptr.3d 588]\u00a0[and cases cited therein].) There may also be disputed facts that must be resolved by a jury before it can be determined if the doctrine applies. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shin v. Ahn<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 42 Cal.4th 482, 486 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 803, 165 P.3d 581].)<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction on primary assumption of risk applicable to coparticipants, see\u00a0CACI No. 470,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Coparticipant in Sport or Other Recreational Activity.<\/span>\u00a0For an instruction on primary assumption of risk applicable to facilities owners and operators and to event sponsors, see\u00a0CACI No. 472,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors.<\/span>\u00a0For an instruction applicable to occupations with inherent risk, see\u00a0CACI No. 473,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Primary Assumption of Risk\u2014Exception to Nonliability\u2014Occupation with Inherent Risk. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to support a cause of action in cases in which it is alleged that a sports instructor has required a student to perform beyond the student\u2019s capacity or without providing adequate instruction, it must be alleged and proved that the instructor acted with intent to cause a student\u2019s injury or that the instructor acted recklessly in the sense that the instructor\u2019s conduct was \u2018totally outside the range of the ordinary activity\u2019 involved in teaching or coaching the sport.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kahn v. East Side Union High School District<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 31 Cal.4th 990, 1011 [4 Cal.Rptr.3d 103, 75 P.3d 30], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he primary assumption of risk doctrine is not limited to activities classified as sports, but applies as well to other recreational activities \u2018involving an inherent risk of injury to voluntary participants \u2026 where the risk cannot be eliminated without altering the fundamental nature of the activity.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nalwa v. Cedar Fair, L.P.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 55 Cal.4th 1148, 1156 [150 Cal.Rptr.3d 551, 290 P.3d 1158].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough the doctrine is often applied as between sports coparticipants, it defines the duty owed as between persons engaged in any activity involving inherent risks. The doctrine applies to activity \u2018done for enjoyment or thrill, requires physical exertion as well as elements of skill, and involves a challenge containing a potential risk of injury\u2019 \u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jimenez v. Roseville City School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 594, 601 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 536], internal citations omitted; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bertsch v. Mammoth Community Water Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1201, 1208 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 757]\u00a0[\u201cThese factors certainly apply to skateboarding\u201d].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHere, we do not deal with the relationship between coparticipants in a sport, or with the duty that an operator may or may not owe to a spectator. Instead, we deal with the duty of a coach or trainer to a student who has entrusted himself to the former\u2019s tutelage. There are precedents reaching back for most of this century that find an absence of duty to coparticipants and, often, to spectators, but the law is otherwise as applied to coaches and instructors. For them, the general rule is that coaches and instructors owe a duty of due care to persons in their charge. The coach or instructor is not, of course, an insurer, and a student may be held to notice that which is obvious and to ask appropriate questions. But all of the authorities that comment on the issue have recognized the existence of a duty of care.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tan v. Goddard<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 1528, 1535\u20131536 [17 Cal.Rptr.2d 89], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]ecisions have clarified that the risks associated with learning a sport may themselves be inherent risks of the sport, and that an instructor or coach generally does not increase the risk of harm inherent in learning the sport simply by urging the student to strive to excel or to reach a new level of competence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kahn, supra<\/span>, 31 Cal.4th at p. 1006.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo the extent a duty is alleged against a coach for \u2018pushing\u2019 and\/or \u2018challenging\u2019 a student to improve and advance, the plaintiff must show that the coach intended to cause the student\u2019s injury or engaged in reckless conduct\u2014that is, conduct totally outside the range of the ordinary activity involved in teaching or coaching the sport. Furthermore, a coach has a duty of ordinary care not to increase the risk of injury to a student by encouraging or allowing the student to participate in the sport when he or she is physically unfit to participate or by allowing the student to use unsafe equipment or instruments.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eriksson, supra<\/span>, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 845, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThat an instructor might ask a student to do more than the student can manage is an inherent risk of the activity. Absent evidence of recklessness, or other risk-increasing conduct, liability should not be imposed simply because an instructor asked the student to take action beyond what, with hindsight, is found to have been the student\u2019s abilities. To hold otherwise would discourage instructors from requiring students to stretch, and thus to learn, and would have a generally deleterious effect on the sport as a whole.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Honeycutt v. Meridian Sports Club, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 251, 258 [179 Cal.Rptr.3d 473].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Coaches and sports instructors \u201cowe students a duty \u2018not to increase the risks inherent in the learning process undertaken by the student.\u2019 But this does not require them to \u2018fundamentally alter the nature of the sport and, in some instances, effectively preclude participation altogether\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019 Instead, \u2018[b]y choosing to participate in a sport that poses the obvious possibility of injury, the student athlete must learn to accept an adverse result of the risks inherent in the sport.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lupash v. City of Seal Beach<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1428, 1436\u20131437 [89 Cal.Rptr.2d 920], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe determinant of duty, \u2018inherent risk,\u2019 is to be decided solely as a question of law and based on the general characteristics of the sport activity and the parties\u2019 relationship to it.\u201d\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">(<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Griffin v. The Haunted Hotel, Inc.\u00a0<\/span>(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 490, 501 [194 Cal.Rptr.3d 830].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAdmittedly, it is sometimes said that \u2018[t]he existence and scope of a defendant\u2019s duty of care in the primary assumption of risk context \u201cis a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">legal<\/span>\u00a0question which depends on the nature of the sport or activity \u2026 and on the parties\u2019 general relationship to the activity, and is an issue to be decided by the court, rather than the jury.\u201d\u2009\u2019 This statement of the rule is correct where there is no dispute about the inherent risks, and such cases may be resolved on summary judgment. [\u00b6] However this statement is overly broad. Although the risks inherent in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">many<\/span>\u00a0activities are not subject to reasonable dispute (e.g., being hit with a baseball during a game), the risks inherent in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">some\u00a0<\/span>activities are not commonly known. In such cases, expert testimony may be required \u2018\u2009\u201cfor purposes of weighing whether the inherent risks of the activity were increased by the defendant\u2019s conduct.\u201d\u2009\u2019 \u2026 Thus, it is not entirely accurate to say inherent risks of an activity always present purely legal questions, because sometimes the nature of an activity and its risks must be gleaned from the evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jimenez, supra,\u00a0<\/span>247 Cal.App.4th at p. 608, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Plaintiff] has repeatedly argued that primary assumption of the risk does not apply because she did not impliedly consent to having a weight dropped on her head. However, a plaintiff\u2019s expectation does not define the limits of primary assumption of the risk. \u2018Primary assumption of risk focuses on the legal question of duty. It does not depend upon a plaintiff\u2019s implied consent to injury, nor is the plaintiff\u2019s subjective awareness or expectation relevant.\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cann v. Stefanec<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 462, 471 [158 Cal.Rptr.3d 474].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough we recognize the Court of Appeal decisions specifically addressing the point are in conflict, we believe resolving this issue is not a matter of further defining [defendant]\u2019s duty, which would be a question of law for the court. Rather, it requires application of the governing standard of care (the duty not to increase the risks inherent in the sport) to the facts of this particular case\u2014the traditional role of the trier of fact. (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vine v. Bear Valley Ski Co., supra<\/span>, 118 Cal.App.4th at pp. 591\u2013592\u00a0[whether defendant\u2019s design of snowboard jump increased inherent risks of snowboarding is question for jury];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Solis v. Kirkwood Resort Co., supra<\/span>, 94 Cal.App.4th at p. 365\u00a0[whether artificial jumps built by resort increased inherent risk of falling while skiing is question for jury];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lowe v. California League of Prof. Baseball<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 112, 123 [65 Cal.Rptr.2d 105]\u00a0[whether distraction caused by activities of minor league baseball team\u2019s mascot increased inherent risk of spectator being hit by a foul ball \u2018is issue of fact to be resolved at trial\u2019]; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huff v. Wilkins, supra<\/span>, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 745\u00a0[\u2018it is the trial court\u2019s province to determine whether defendants breached their duty not to increase the inherent risk of a collision [in the sport of off-roading], and it should hold a hearing for this purpose before impaneling a jury\u2019];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Golf Corp. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 30, 37 [93 Cal.Rptr.2d 683]\u00a0[\u2018[i]t is for the court to decide \u2026 whether the defendant has increased the risks of the activity beyond the risks inherent in the sport\u2019]; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huffman v. City of Poway<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 975, 995, fn. 23 [101 Cal.Rptr.2d 325]\u00a0[indicating it is for the court to determine whether defendant\u2019s conduct increased the risk inherent in participating in a particular sport, but that trial court may receive expert testimony on the customary practices in the sport to make that determination].) [\u00b6] Our conclusion it is for the trier of fact to determine whether [defendant] breached his limited duty not to increase the risks inherent in the sport of volleyball finds solid support in the Supreme Court\u2019s most recent sports injury, primary assumption of the risk decision,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shin v. Ahn, supra<\/span>, 42 Cal.4th 482, a case that postdates the appellate court decisions suggesting the issue is one for the court to resolve.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luna, supra<\/span>, 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 112\u2013113.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe existence of a duty of care is a separate issue from the question whether (on the basis of forseeability among other factors) a particular defendant breached that duty of care, which is an essentially factual matter.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kockelman v. Segal<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 491, 498 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 552].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A duty not to increase the risk] arises only if there is an \u2018\u2009\u201corganized relationship\u201d\u2009\u2019 between the defendants and the participant in relation to the sporting activity, such as exists between \u2026 a coach or instructor and his or her students. [I]mposing such a duty in the context of these types of relationships is justified because the defendants are \u2018responsible for, or in control of, the conditions under which the [participant] engaged in the sport.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bertsch, supra,\u00a0<\/span>247 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1208\u22121209, internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091496, 1497, 1501\u20131508<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 3-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mitigating Factors In Reduction Of Damages<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20093:1067\u20133:1078 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 4,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Comparative Negligence, Assumption of the Risk, and Related Defenses<\/span>, \u00a7\u20094.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 273,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Games, Sports, and Athletics<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009273.31\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009165.401 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-q1q3c-fe62405c2042f4381afb51f220ccdf5f hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mhm7k-d2d2f9e1d283337d11838341b48b061e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mhm7k-d2d2f9e1d283337d11838341b48b061e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mhm7k-d2d2f9e1d283337d11838341b48b061e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-488","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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