{"id":590,"date":"2021-10-25T03:59:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=590"},"modified":"2022-05-03T15:51:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T15:51:41","slug":"caci-611-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations-attorney-malpractice-four-year-limit-code-civ-proc-%c2%a7-340-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-611-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations-attorney-malpractice-four-year-limit-code-civ-proc-%c2%a7-340-6\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 611 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014Four-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., \u00a7\u2009340.6)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6kf8oz-0755452e44dfebcb8ead2fd29b6890e4\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6kf8oz-0755452e44dfebcb8ead2fd29b6890e4{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6kf8oz-0755452e44dfebcb8ead2fd29b6890e4 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6kf8oz-0755452e44dfebcb8ead2fd29b6890e4 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6kf8oz-0755452e44dfebcb8ead2fd29b6890e4 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 611 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014Four-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., \u00a7\u2009340.6)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6kgevv-2909e2631b53e0ae4a5542c43dce697e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6kgevv-2909e2631b53e0ae4a5542c43dce697e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6kgevv-2909e2631b53e0ae4a5542c43dce697e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">611\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014Four-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., \u00a7\u2009340.6)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] contends that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s lawsuit was not filed within the time set by law. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove that [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] alleged wrongful act or omission occurred before [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date four years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[If, however, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span class=\"SS_CenterAlign\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choose one or more of the following four options:<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] did not sustain actual injury until on or after [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date four years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]][,\/; or]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[that on or after [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date four years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] continued to represent [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] regarding the specific subject matter in which the wrongful act or omission occurred[,\/; or]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[that on or after [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date four years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knowingly concealed the facts constituting the wrongful act or omission[,\/; or]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[that on or after [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date four years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] was under a legal or physical disability that restricted [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] ability to file a lawsuit[,\/;]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">the period within which [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had to file the lawsuit is extended for the amount of time that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert tolling provision, e.g., [name of defendant] knowingly concealed the facts<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2007; Revised April 2009 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use\u00a0CACI No. 610,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014One-Year Limit<\/span>, if the one-year limitation provision is at issue.<\/p>\n<p>If no tolling provision from\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 340.6\u00a0is at issue, read only through the end of the first paragraph. Read the rest of the instruction if there is a question of fact concerning a tolling provision. If so, the verdict form should ask the jury to find (1) the date on which the alleged wrongful act or omission occurred; (2) whether the tolling provision applies; and (3) if so, for what period of time. The court can then add the additional time to the date on which the alleged wrongful act or omission occurred and determine whether the action is timely.<\/p>\n<p>The court may need to define the term \u201cactual injury\u201d depending on the facts and circumstances of the particular case. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Statute of Limitation for Attorney Malpractice.\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 340.6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Persons Under Disabilities.\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 352.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder section 340.6, the one-year limitations period commences when the plaintiff actually or constructively discovers the facts of the wrongful act or omission, but the period is tolled until the plaintiff sustains actual injury. That is to say, the statute of limitations will not run during the time the plaintiff cannot bring a cause of action for damages from professional negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jordache Enterprises, Inc. v. Brobeck, Phleger &amp; Harrison<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 18 Cal.4th 739, 751 [76 Cal.Rptr.2d 749, 958 P.2d 1062].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cActual injury refers only to the legally cognizable damage necessary to assert the cause of action. There is no requirement that an adjudication or settlement must first confirm a causal nexus between the attorney\u2019s error and the asserted injury. The determination of actual injury requires only a factual analysis of the claimed error and its consequences. The inquiry necessarily is more qualitative than quantitative because the fact of damage, rather than the amount, is the critical factor.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Truong v. Glasser<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 181 Cal.App.4th 102, 113 [103 Cal.Rptr.3d 811].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]ection 340.6, subdivision (a)(1), will not toll the limitations period once the client can plead damages that could establish a cause of action for legal malpractice.\u2019\u2009\u2018[T]he limitations period is not tolled after the plaintiff sustains actual injury [even] if the injury is, in some sense, remediable. [Citation.] Furthermore, the statutory scheme does not depend on the plaintiff\u2019s recognizing actual injury. Actual injury must be noticeable, but the language of the tolling provision does not require that it be noticed.\u2019 On the other hand, \u2018the statute of limitations will not run during the time the plaintiff cannot bring a cause of action for damages from professional negligence\u2019 because the plaintiff cannot allege actual injury resulted from an attorney\u2019s malpractice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Croucier v. Chavos<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1148 [144 Cal.Rptr.3d 180], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]ctual injury exists even if the client has yet to \u2018sustain[] all, or even the greater part, of the damages occasioned by his attorney\u2019s negligence\u2019; even if the client will encounter \u2018difficulty in proving damages\u2019; and even if that damage might be mitigated or entirely eliminated in the future. [\u00b6] However, \u2018actual injury\u2019 does not include \u2018speculative and contingent injuries \u2026 that do not yet exist\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shaoxing City Maolong Wuzhong Down Products, Ltd. v. Keehn &amp; Associates, APC<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1031, 1036 [190 Cal.Rptr.3d 90], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[B]ecause \u2018determining actual injury is predominately a factual inquiry\u2019 to the extent a question remains on this point, the matter is properly resolved by the trier of fact\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Callahan v. Gibson, Dunn &amp; Crutcher LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 557, 576 [125 Cal.Rptr.3d 120].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here, as here, the \u2018material facts are undisputed, the trial court can resolve the matter [of actual injury] as a question of law in conformity with summary judgment principles.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shaoxing City Maolong Wuzhong Down Products, Ltd., supra<\/span>, 238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1037\u20131038.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]rior to the enactment of section 340.6 the running of the statute of limitations coincided with accrual of the plaintiff\u2019s malpractice cause of action, including damages. By contrast, under the provisions of section 340.6, discovery of the negligent act or omission initiates the statutory period, and the absence of injury or damages serves as a tolling factor.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Adams v. Paul<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 11 Cal.4th 583, 598 fn. 2 [46 Cal.Rptr.2d 594, 904 P.2d 1205], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] defendant must prove the facts necessary to enjoy the benefit of a statute of limitations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Samuels v. Mix<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 22 Cal.4th 1, 10 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 273, 989 P.2d 701], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn ordinary tort and contract actions, the statute of limitations, it is true, begins to run upon the occurrence of the last element essential to the cause of action. The plaintiff\u2019s ignorance of the cause of action, or of the identity of the wrongdoer, does not toll the statute. In cases of professional malpractice, however, postponement of the period of limitations until discovery finds justification in the special nature of the relationship between the professional man and his client.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Neel v. Magana, Olney, Levy, Cathcart &amp; Gelfand<\/span>\u00a0(1971) 6 Cal.3d 176, 187\u2013188 [98 Cal.Rptr. 837, 491 P.2d 421], footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf the allegedly negligent conduct does not cause damage, it generates no cause of action in tort. The mere breach of a professional duty, causing only nominal damages, speculative harm, or the threat of future harm\u2014not yet realized\u2014does not suffice to create a cause of action for negligence. Hence, until the client suffers appreciable harm as a consequence of his attorney\u2019s negligence, the client cannot establish a cause of action for malpractice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Budd v. Nixen<\/span>\u00a0(1971) 6 Cal.3d 195, 200 [98 Cal.Rptr. 849, 491 P.2d 433], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA plaintiff who is aware of, and has been actually injured by, attorney malpractice in a matter need not file suit for malpractice while that attorney is still representing him on the same \u2018specific subject matter.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shaoxing City Maolong Wuzhong Down Products, Ltd., supra<\/span>, 238 Cal.App.4th at p. 1038.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe continuous representation tolling provision in section 340.6, subdivision (a)(2) \u2018was adopted in order to \u201cavoid the disruption of an attorney-client relationship by a lawsuit while enabling the attorney to correct or minimize an apparent error, and to prevent an attorney from defeating a malpractice cause of action by continuing to represent the client until the statutory period has expired.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelly v. Orr<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 940, 950 [196 Cal.Rptr.3d 901].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe mere existence of an attorney-client relationship does not trigger the continuous representation rule: \u2018Instead, the statute\u2019s tolling language addresses a particular phase of such a relationship-representation regarding a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specific subject matter<\/span>. Moreover, the limitations period is not tolled when an attorney\u2019s subsequent role is only tangentially related to the legal representation the attorney provided to the plaintiff. Therefore, \u201c[t]he\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">inquiry is not whether an attorney-client relationship still exists but when the representation of the specific matter terminated<\/span>.\u201d\u2009\u2019 Tolling does not apply where there is a continuing relationship between the attorney and client \u2018involving only unrelated matters.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lockton v. O\u2019Rourke<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1051, 1064 [109 Cal.Rptr.3d 392], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here a client hires a law firm to represent it, the provisions of section 340.6 apply to that firm; the term \u2018attorney\u2019 in section 340.6 may embrace the entire partnership, law corporation, or other legal entity the client retains. [\u00b6] That either an attorney or a firm may be the subject of an action does not support a reading under which representation by one attorney or firm might toll the limitations period as to another no longer affiliated attorney or firm. Rather, the text implies an action against a law firm is tolled so long as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">that firm<\/span>\u00a0continues representation, just as an action against an attorney is tolled so long as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">that attorney<\/span>\u00a0continues representation, but representation by one attorney or firm does not toll claims that may exist against a different, unaffiliated attorney or firm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Beal Bank, SSB v. Arter &amp; Hadden, LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 42 Cal.4th 503, 509 [66 Cal.Rptr.3d 52, 167 P.3d 666], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[W]hen an attorney leaves a firm and takes a client with him or her,\u2009\u2026 the tolling in ongoing matters [does not] continue for claims against the former firm and partners.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stueve Bros. Farms, LLC v. Berger Kahn<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 303, 314 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 116].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Ordinarily, an attorney\u2019s representation is not completed until the agreed tasks or events have occurred, the client consents to termination or a court grants an application by counsel for withdrawal.\u2019\u2009\u2018The rule is that, for purposes of the statute of limitations, the attorney\u2019s representation is concluded when the parties so agree, and that result does not depend upon formal termination, such as withdrawing as counsel of record.\u2019\u2009\u2018Continuity of representation ultimately depends, not on the client\u2019s subjective beliefs, but rather on evidence of an ongoing mutual relationship and of activities in furtherance of the relationship.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nielsen v. Beck<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1049 [69 Cal.Rptr.3d 435], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he continuous representation tolling provision in section 340.6, subdivision (a)(2), applies to toll legal malpractice claims brought by successor trustees against attorneys who represented the predecessor trustee.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelly, supra<\/span>, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 951.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]bsent a statutory standard to determine when an attorney\u2019s representation of a client regarding a specific subject matter ends, and consistent with the purposes of the continuing representation rule, we conclude that for purposes of \u2026 section 340.6, subdivision (a)(2), in the event of an attorney\u2019s unilateral withdrawal or abandonment of the client, the representation ends\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">when the client actually has or reasonably should have no expectation that the attorney will provide further legal services.<\/span>\u00a0\u2026 That may occur upon the attorney\u2019s express notification to the client that the attorney will perform no further services, or, if the attorney remains silent, may be inferred from the circumstances.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Absent actual notice to the client that the attorney will perform no further legal services or circumstances that reasonably should cause the client to so conclude<\/span>, a client should be entitled to rely on an attorney to perform the agreed services and should not be required to interrupt the attorney-client relationship by filing a malpractice complaint.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">After a client has no reasonable expectation that the attorney will provide further legal services<\/span>, however, the client is no longer hindered by a potential disruption of the attorney-client relationship and no longer relies on the attorney\u2019s continuing representation, so the tolling should end. To this extent and for these reasons,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">we conclude that continuous representation should be viewed objectively from the client\u2019s perspective<\/span>\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Laclette v. Galindo<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 919, 928 [109 Cal.Rptr.3d 660], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cContinuity of representation ultimately depends, not on the client\u2019s subjective beliefs, but rather on evidence of an ongoing\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">mutual<\/span>\u00a0relationship and of activities in furtherance of the relationship.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">GoTek Energy, Inc. v. SoCal IP Law Group, LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 1240, 1248 [208 Cal.Rptr.3d 428], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he fourth tolling provision of section 340.6, subdivision (a)\u2014that is, the provision applicable to legal and physical disabilities\u2014encompasses the circumstances set forth in section 351 [exception, where defendant is out of the state].\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jocer Enterprises, Inc. v. Price<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 559, 569 [107 Cal.Rptr.3d 539].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] would-be plaintiff is \u2018imprisoned on a criminal charge\u2019 within the meaning of section 352.1 if he or she is serving a term of imprisonment in the state prison.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Austin v. Medicis<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 577, 597 [230 Cal.Rptr.3d 528].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn light of the Legislature\u2019s intent that section 340.6(a) cover more than claims for legal malpractice, the term \u2018professional services\u2019 is best understood to include nonlegal services governed by an attorney\u2019s professional obligations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee v. Hanley<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 61 Cal.4th 1225, 1237 [191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536, 354 P.3d 334].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor purposes of section 340.6(a), the question is not simply whether a claim alleges misconduct that entails the violation of a professional obligation. Rather, the question is whether the claim, in order to succeed, necessarily depends on proof that an attorney violated a professional obligation as opposed to some generally applicable nonprofessional obligation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee, supra<\/span>, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1238.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee<\/span>\u00a0held that \u2018section 340.6(a)\u2019s time bar applies to claims whose merits necessarily depend on proof that an attorney violated a professional obligation in the course of providing professional services. In this context, a \u201cprofessional obligation\u201d is an obligation that an attorney has by virtue of being an attorney, such as fiduciary obligations, the obligation to perform competently, the obligation to perform the services contemplated in a legal services contract into which an attorney has entered, and the obligations embodied in the State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Foxen v. Carpenter<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 284, 292 [211 Cal.Rptr.3d 372].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn sum, consistent with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee<\/span>, section 340.6(a) applies to malicious prosecution claims against attorneys who performed professional services in the underlying litigation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Connelly v. Bornstein<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 783, 799 [245 Cal.Rptr.3d 452].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Witkin, California Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Actions, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009626\u2013655<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 32,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability of Attorneys<\/span>, \u00a7\u200932.60\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Pretrial Civil Procedure, Ch. 4,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Limitation of Actions<\/span>, \u00a7\u20094.05<\/div>\n<div>7\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 76,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Attorney Professional Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200976.170,\u00a076.430\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.150\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-rthp2-c1e58c085b7e484e5caa86d1e0252236 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jeefi-2ebcb525855d032fbf7ac7f427ba2c6c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jeefi-2ebcb525855d032fbf7ac7f427ba2c6c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jeefi-2ebcb525855d032fbf7ac7f427ba2c6c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-590","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 611 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014Four-Year Limit (Code Civ. 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