{"id":717,"date":"2021-10-25T04:02:43","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=717"},"modified":"2022-05-03T16:34:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T16:34:21","slug":"caci-1010-affirmative-defense-recreation-immunity-exceptions-civ-code-%c2%a7-846","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1010-affirmative-defense-recreation-immunity-exceptions-civ-code-%c2%a7-846\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1010 Affirmative Defense\u2014Recreation Immunity\u2014Exceptions (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u2009846)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6pn4ag-61c5c5c00cb164d9a57bde8eb2cc7d58\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6pn4ag-61c5c5c00cb164d9a57bde8eb2cc7d58{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6pn4ag-61c5c5c00cb164d9a57bde8eb2cc7d58 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6pn4ag-61c5c5c00cb164d9a57bde8eb2cc7d58 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6pn4ag-61c5c5c00cb164d9a57bde8eb2cc7d58 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1010 Affirmative Defense\u2014Recreation Immunity\u2014Exceptions (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u2009846)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6podqd-4f08e9c0917e11d917eae14167533cc1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6podqd-4f08e9c0917e11d917eae14167533cc1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6podqd-4f08e9c0917e11d917eae14167533cc1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1010\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Recreation Immunity\u2014Exceptions (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u2009846)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is not responsible for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm resulted from [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of person causing injury\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] entry on or use of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property for a recreational purpose. However, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may be still responsible for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span class=\"SS_CenterAlign\">[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choose one or more of the following three options<\/span>:]<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] willfully or maliciously failed to protect others from or warn others about a dangerous [condition\/use\/structure\/activity] on the property.]<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span class=\"SS_CenterAlign\">[<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">or<\/span>]<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[a charge or fee was paid to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">the owner] for permission to enter the property for a recreational purpose.]<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span class=\"SS_CenterAlign\">[<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">or<\/span>]<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"SS_LeftAlign\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] expressly invited [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to enter the property.]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"SS_LeftAlign\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proven one or more of these three exceptions to immunity, then you must still decide whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is liable in light of the other instructions that I will give you. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised October 2008, December 2014, May 2017, November 2017, May 2021 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction sets forth the statutory exceptions to recreational immunity. (See\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u2009846.) In the opening paragraph, if the plaintiff was not the recreational user of the property, insert the name of the person whose conduct on the property is alleged to have caused plaintiff\u2019s injury. Immunity extends to injuries to persons who are neither on the property nor engaged in a recreational purpose if the injury was caused by a recreational user of the property. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wang v. Nibbelink<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 1, 17 [208 Cal.Rptr.3d 461].)<\/p>\n<p>Choose one or more of the optional exceptions according to the facts. Depending on the facts, the court could instruct that the activity involved was a \u201crecreational purpose\u201d as a matter of law. For a comprehensive list of \u201crecreational purposes,\u201d refer to\u00a0Civil Code section 846.<\/p>\n<p>Whether the term \u201cwillful or malicious failure\u201d has a unique meaning under this statute is not entirely clear. One court construing this statute has said that three elements must be present to raise a negligent act to the level of willful misconduct: (1) actual or constructive knowledge of the peril to be apprehended, (2) actual or constructive knowledge that injury is a probable, as opposed to a possible, result of the danger, and (3) conscious failure to act to avoid the peril. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New v. Consolidated Rock Products Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 681, 689\u2013690 [217 Cal.Rptr. 522].)<\/p>\n<p>For the second exception involving payment of a fee, insert the name of the defendant if the defendant is the landowner. If the defendant is someone who is alleged to have created a dangerous condition on the property other than the landowner, select \u201cthe owner.\u201d (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 563, 566 [216 Cal.Rptr.3d 426].)<\/p>\n<p>Federal courts interpreting California law have addressed whether the \u201cexpress invitation\u201d must be personal to the user. The Ninth Circuit has held that invitations to the general public do not qualify as \u201cexpress invitations\u201d within the meaning of section 846. In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ravell v. United States<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1994) 22 F.3d 960, 963, the Ninth Circuit held that California law requires a personal invitation for a section 846 invitation, citing\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson v. Unocal Corp<\/span>. (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 310, 317 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 148]. However, the issue has not been definitively resolved by the California Supreme Court. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Recreational Immunity.\u00a0Civil Code section 846.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]n owner of \u2026 real property owes no duty of care to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for recreational purposes or to give recreational users warning of hazards on the property, unless: (1) the landowner willfully or maliciously fails to guard or warn against a dangerous condition, use, structure or activity; (2) permission to enter for a recreational purpose is granted for a consideration; or (3) the landowner expressly invites rather than merely permits the user to come upon the premises.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ornelas v. Randolph<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 4 Cal.4th 1095, 1099\u20131100 [17 Cal.Rptr.2d 594, 847 P.2d 560].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, whether one has entered property for a recreational purpose within the meaning of the statute is a question of fact, to be determined through a consideration of the \u2018totality of the facts and circumstances, including \u2026 the prior use of the land. While the plaintiff\u2019s subjective intent will not be controlling, it is relevant to show purpose.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ornelas, supra<\/span>, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1102, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe phrase \u2018interest in real property\u2019 should not be given a narrow or technical interpretation that would frustrate the Legislature\u2019s intention in passing and amending section 846.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hubbard v. Brown<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 50 Cal.3d 189, 196 [266 Cal.Rptr. 491, 785 P.2d 1183].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]efendants\u2019 status as business invitees of the landowner does not satisfy the prerequisite that the party seeking to invoke the immunity provisions of section 846 be \u2018[a]n owner of any estate or any other interest in real property, whether possessory or nonpossessory.\u2019 Although such invitee may be entitled to be present on the property during such time as the work is being performed, such presence does not convey any estate or interest in the property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jenson v. Kenneth I. Mullen, Consulting Engineers, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 653, 658 [259 Cal.Rptr. 552].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSubpart (c) of the third paragraph of section 846 is not limited to injuries to persons on the premises and therefore on its face encompasses persons off-premises such as [plaintiff] and her husband. It is not limited to injuries to recreational participants. Had the Legislature wanted to narrow the third paragraph\u2019s immunity to injured recreational users, it could have done so, as it did in the first paragraph.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wang, supra<\/span>, 4 Cal.App.5th at p. 17.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe concept of willful misconduct has a well-established, well-defined meaning in California law. \u2018Willful or wanton misconduct is intentional wrongful conduct, done either with a knowledge that serious injury to another will probably result, or with a wanton and reckless disregard of the possible results.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New, supra<\/span>, 171 Cal.App.3d at p. 689, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cClearly, consideration means some type of entrance fee or charge for permitting a person to use specially constructed facilities. There are many amusement facilities in government-owned parks that charge admission fees and a consideration in this or a similar context was intended.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Moore v. City of Torrance<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 101 Cal.App.3d 66, 72 [166 Cal.Rptr. 192], disapproved of on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Delta Farms Reclamation Dist. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 33 Cal.3d 699, 707 [190 Cal.Rptr. 494, 660 P.2d 1168].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe conclude that the consideration exception to recreational use immunity does apply to [defendant] even though [plaintiff]\u2019s fee for recreational access to the campground was not paid to it\u2009\u2026\u2009. We hold that the payment of consideration in exchange for permission to enter a premises for a recreational purpose abrogates the section 846 immunity of any nonpossessory interest holder who is potentially responsible for the plaintiff\u2019s injuries, including a licensee or easement holder who possesses only a limited right to enter and use a premises on specified terms but no right to control third party access to the premises. The contrary interpretation urged by [defendant], making immunity contingent not on payment of consideration but its receipt, is supported neither by the statutory text nor the Legislature\u2019s purpose in enacting section 846, which was to encourage free public access to property for recreational use. It also would lead to troubling, anomalous results we do not think the Legislature intended. At bottom, construing this exception as applying only to defendants who receive or benefit from the consideration paid loses sight of the fact that recreational immunity is merely a tool. It is the Legislature\u2019s chosen means, not an end unto itself.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co., supra,<\/span>\u00a010 Cal.App.5th at p. 566.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA landowner must gain some immediate and reasonably direct advantage, usually in the form of an entrance fee, before the exception to immunity for consideration under section 846 comes into play.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra<\/span>, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 317.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe purpose of section 846 is to encourage landowners to permit people to use their property for recreational use without fear of reprisal in the form of lawsuits. The trial court should therefore construe the exceptions for consideration and express invitees narrowly. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra<\/span>, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 315.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe language of section 846, item (c), which refers to \u2018<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">any persons who are expressly invited rather than merely permitted to come upon the premises by the landowner<\/span>\u2019 (italics added) does not say a person must be invited for a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">recreational<\/span>\u00a0purpose. The exception instead defines a person who is \u2018expressly invited\u2019 by distinguishing this person from one who is \u2018merely permitted\u2019 to come onto the land.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Calhoon v. Lewis<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 108, 114 [96 Cal.Rptr.2d 394], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 846\u2019s liability shield does not extend to acts of vehicular negligence by a landowner or by the landowner\u2019s employee while acting within the course of the employment. We base this conclusion on section 846\u2019s plain language. The statutory phrase \u2018keep the premises safe\u2019 is an apt description of the property-based duties underlying premises liability, a liability category that does not include vehicular negligence. Furthermore, a broad construction of that statutory phrase would render superfluous another provision of section 846 shielding landowners from liability for failure to warn recreational users about hazardous conditions or activities on the land.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Klein v. United States of America<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 50 Cal.4th 68, 72 [112 Cal.Rptr.3d 722, 235 P.3d 42].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091245\u20131253<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 15,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">General Premises Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u200915.22\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Real Estate Law and Practice, Ch. 381,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tort Liability of Property Owners<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009381.30\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>36\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 421,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Premises Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009421.21\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>17\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 178,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Premises Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009178.130 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u200916:34 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-2g7ph-804a28069c8d8a6539951b139131f283 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-28gdx-8e4e04c1fa9538478230d297923014e7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-28gdx-8e4e04c1fa9538478230d297923014e7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-28gdx-8e4e04c1fa9538478230d297923014e7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-717","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 1010 Affirmative Defense\u2014Recreation Immunity\u2014Exceptions (Civ. 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