{"id":731,"date":"2021-10-25T03:48:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:48:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=731"},"modified":"2022-05-03T16:43:13","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T16:43:13","slug":"caci-1110-affirmative-defense-natural-conditions-gov-code-%c2%a7-831-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1110-affirmative-defense-natural-conditions-gov-code-%c2%a7-831-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1110 Affirmative Defense\u2014Natural Conditions (Gov. Code, \u00a7\u2009831.2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6sbmv9-530e4b3f585a6ae767198b2c1867d000\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6sbmv9-530e4b3f585a6ae767198b2c1867d000{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6sbmv9-530e4b3f585a6ae767198b2c1867d000 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6sbmv9-530e4b3f585a6ae767198b2c1867d000 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6sbmv9-530e4b3f585a6ae767198b2c1867d000 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1110 Affirmative Defense\u2014Natural Conditions (Gov. Code, \u00a7\u2009831.2)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6scuk7-8486285242826a1202621bcfece29d31\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6scuk7-8486285242826a1202621bcfece29d31 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6scuk7-8486285242826a1202621bcfece29d31 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1110\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Natural Conditions (Gov. Code, \u00a7\u2009831.2)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">A public entity is not responsible for harm caused by a natural condition of an unimproved public property. If [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s injury was caused by such a condition, then it is not responsible for the injury. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Natural Condition of Unimproved Public Property.\u00a0Government Code section 831.2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Public Beaches.\u00a0Government Code section 831.21.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe immunity provided by section 831.2 is absolute and applies regardless of whether the public entity had knowledge of the dangerous condition or failed to give warning. The legislative purpose in enacting section 831.2 was to ensure that public entities will not prohibit public access to recreational areas due to the burden and expense of defending against personal injury suits and of placing such land in a safe condition.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Goddard v. Department of Fish &amp; Wildlife<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 350, 360 [196 Cal.Rptr.3d 625], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe natural condition immunity applies even \u2018where the public entity had knowledge of a dangerous condition which amounted to a hidden trap.\u2019 As a consequence, courts have held there is no liability for failure to warn of a known dangerous condition when the danger is a natural condition of unimproved public property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alana M. v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1482, 1488 [200 Cal.Rptr.3d 410], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe statutory immunity extends to \u2018an injury\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">caused<\/span>\u00a0by a natural condition of any unimproved public property.\u2019 The use of the term \u2018caused\u2019 is significant. Here, although the injury\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">occurred<\/span>\u00a0on improved property, that is, the paved parking lot, it was\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">caused<\/span>\u00a0by the trees, native flora located near\u2014and perhaps superadjacent to\u2014the improved parking lot, but themselves on unimproved property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Meddock v. County of Yolo<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 170, 177 [162 Cal.Rptr.3d 796], original italics, footnote and internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he statute presents two fact questions: whether a condition is \u2018natural\u2019 and whether the property is \u2018unimproved\u2019 public property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">County of San Mateo v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 724, 731 [221 Cal.Rptr.3d 138].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o qualify public property as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">improved<\/span>\u00a0so as to take it outside the immunity statute \u2018some form of physical change in the condition of the property\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">at the location of the injury<\/span>, which justifies the conclusion that the public entity is responsible for reasonable risk management in that area, [is] required to preclude application of the immunity.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Meddock, supra<\/span>, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 178 [162 Cal.Rptr.3d 796], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is also the rule that \u2018improvement of a portion of a park area does not remove the immunity from the unimproved areas.\u2019 \u2018The reasonableness of this rule is apparent. Otherwise, the immunity as to an entire park area improved in any way would be demolished. [Citation.] This would, in turn, seriously thwart accessibility and enjoyment of public lands by discouraging the construction of such improvements as restrooms, fire rings, campsites, entrance gates, parking areas and maintenance buildings.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alana M., supra<\/span>, 245 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1488\u22121489.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe express no opinion, however, as to whether proof of a causal link is merely sufficient to defeat immunity or, as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alana M.<\/span>\u00a0held, necessary. [Plaintiff] contends proof of a causal connection between improvements and the accident is necessary to establish that property is improved and thus accepts the burden of having to prove this. Therefore, for purposes here, we will assume without deciding that proof that human conduct or improvements created, contributed to, or exacerbated the dangerousness of a natural condition is not only a sufficient but necessary, additional element of establishing that property is \u2018improved.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">County of San Mateo<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 740.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is now generally settled that human-altered conditions, especially those that have existed for some years, which merely duplicate models common to nature are still \u2018natural conditions\u2019 as a matter of law for the purposes of\u00a0Government Code section 831.2.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tessier v. City of Newport Beach<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 219 Cal.App.3d 310, 314 [268 Cal.Rptr. 233].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cImmunity under section 831.2 exists even where the public entity\u2019s nearby improvements together with natural forces add to the buildup of sand on a public beach.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Morin v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 184, 188 [263 Cal.Rptr. 479].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe statutory immunity is fully applicable to manmade lakes and reservoirs. Moreover, section 831.2 has been broadly construed to provide immunity even where a natural condition has been affected in some manner by human activity or nearby improvements.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Goddard, supra<\/span>, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 361, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe mere attachment of a rope on defendant\u2019s undeveloped land by an unknown third party did not change the \u2018natural condition\u2019 of the land.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kuykendall v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 563, 566 [223 Cal.Rptr. 763].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEssentially, [plaintiff]\u2019s position is she was entitled to a campsite in the forest safe from falling trees, but this \u2018is exactly the type of complaint section 831.2 was designed to protect public entities against.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alana M., supra<\/span>, 245 Cal.App.4th at p. 1493.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe courts have generally understood campsites with amenities to be improved, including the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alana M.<\/span>\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">County of San Mateo<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 736.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGiven the intent of the Legislature in enacting section 831.2, we hold that wild animals are a natural part of the condition of unimproved public property within the meaning of the statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arroyo, supra<\/span>, 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 762.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009302, 308<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(III)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability For \u201cDangerous Conditions\u201d Of Public Property<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092:2825 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>2 California Government Tort Liability Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar 4th ed.) \u00a7\u00a7\u200912.82\u201312.87<\/div>\n<div>5 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 61,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Particular Liabilities and Immunities of Public Entities and Public Employees<\/span>, \u00a7\u200961.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 464,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Public Entities and Officers: California Government Claims Act<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009464.85\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19A\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 196,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Public Entities<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009196.12,\u00a0196.214\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-tp8uj-e2194c7e98d8200ebafc3a6d49de78b6 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m4msz-79e682cca178f2b60399cd802f10f6ed\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-m4msz-79e682cca178f2b60399cd802f10f6ed .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m4msz-79e682cca178f2b60399cd802f10f6ed '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-731","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 1110 Affirmative Defense\u2014Natural Conditions (Gov. 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