{"id":764,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=764"},"modified":"2022-05-03T16:54:37","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T16:54:37","slug":"caci-1205-strict-liability-failure-to-warn-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1205-strict-liability-failure-to-warn-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1205 Strict Liability\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6t3j64-d45ca15a2ad16de3bbde09a4008aee3b\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6t3j64-d45ca15a2ad16de3bbde09a4008aee3b{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6t3j64-d45ca15a2ad16de3bbde09a4008aee3b .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6t3j64-d45ca15a2ad16de3bbde09a4008aee3b .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6t3j64-d45ca15a2ad16de3bbde09a4008aee3b av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1205 Strict Liability\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6t4uma-8ea11f26f572dda602cd7665e9430128\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6t4uma-8ea11f26f572dda602cd7665e9430128 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6t4uma-8ea11f26f572dda602cd7665e9430128 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1205\u00a0Strict Liability\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] lacked sufficient [instructions] [or] [warning of potential [risks\/side effects\/allergic reactions]]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [manufactured\/distributed\/sold] the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had potential [risks\/side effects\/allergic reactions] that were [known\/ [or] knowable in light of the [scientific\/ [and] medical] knowledge that was generally accepted in the scientific community] at the time of [manufacture\/distribution\/sale];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the potential [risks\/side effects\/allergic reactions] presented a substantial danger when the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is used or misused in an intended or reasonably foreseeable way;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That ordinary consumers would not have recognized the potential [risks\/side effects\/allergic reactions];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] failed to adequately warn [or instruct] of the potential [risks\/side effects\/allergic reactions];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the lack of sufficient [instructions] [or] [warnings] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[The warning must be given to the prescribing physician and must include the potential risks, side effects, or allergic reactions that may follow the foreseeable use of the product. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had a continuing duty to warn physicians as long as the product was in use.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised April 2009, December 2009, June 2011, December 2011, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>With regard to element 2, it has been often stated in the case law that a manufacturer is liable for failure to warn of a risk that is \u201cknowable in light of generally recognized and prevailing best scientific and medical knowledge available.\u201d (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 53 Cal.3d 987, 1002 [281 Cal.Rptr. 528, 810 P.2d 549];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carlin v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 13 Cal.4th 1104, 1112 [56 Cal.Rptr.2d 162, 920 P.2d 1347];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saller v. Crown Cork &amp; Seal Company<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1239 [115 Cal.Rptr.3d 151];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rosa v. City of Seaside<\/span>\u00a0(N.D. Cal. 2009) 675 F.Supp.2d 1006, 1012.) The advisory committee believes that this standard is captured by the phrase \u201cgenerally accepted in the scientific community.\u201d A risk may be \u201cgenerally recognized\u201d as a view (knowledge) advanced by one body of scientific thought and experiment, but it may not be the \u201cprevailing\u201d or \u201cbest\u201d scientific view; that is, it may be a minority view. The committee believes that when a risk is (1) generally recognized (2) as prevailing in the relevant scientific community, and (3) represents the best scholarship available, it is sufficient to say that the risk is knowable in light of \u201cthe generally accepted\u201d scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>The last bracketed paragraph should be read only in prescription product cases: In the case of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">prescription drugs<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">implants<\/span>, the physician stands in the shoes of the ordinary user because it is through the physician that a patient learns of the properties and proper use of the drug or implant. Thus, the duty to warn in these cases runs to the physician, not the patient. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bigler-Engler v. Breg, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 7 Cal.App 5th 276, 319 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 82], original italics.)<\/p>\n<p>To make a prima facie case, the plaintiff has the initial burden of producing evidence that the plaintiff was injured while the product was being used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner. If this prima facie burden is met, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to prove that the plaintiff\u2019s injury resulted from a misuse of the product. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Perez v. VAS S.p.A.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 658, 678 [115 Cal.Rptr.3d 590]\u00a0[risk-benefit design defect case].) See also\u00a0CACI No. 1245,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Product Misuse or Modification<\/span>. Product misuse is a complete defense to strict products liability if the defendant proves that an unforeseeable abuse or alteration of the product after it left the manufacturer\u2019s hands was the sole cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Campbell v. Southern Pacific Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 22 Cal.3d 51, 56 [148 Cal.Rptr. 596, 583 P.2d 121]; see\u00a0CACI No. 1245.) Misuse or modification that was a substantial factor in, but not the sole cause of, plaintiff\u2019s harm may also be considered in determining the comparative fault of the plaintiff or of third persons. See\u00a0CACI No. 1207A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Comparative Fault of Plaintiff<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 1207B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Comparative Fault of Third Person<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOur law recognizes that even \u2018\u2009\u201ca product flawlessly designed and produced may nevertheless possess such risks to the user without a suitable warning that it becomes \u2018defective\u2019 simply by the absence of a warning.\u201d \u2026\u2019 Thus, manufacturers have a duty to warn consumers about the hazards inherent in their products. The purpose of requiring adequate warnings is to inform consumers about a product\u2019s hazards and faults of which they are unaware, so that the consumer may then either refrain from using the product altogether or avoid the danger by careful use.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Taylor v. Elliott Turbomachinery Co.<\/span>, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 564, 577 [90 Cal.Rptr.3d 414], internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNegligence and strict products liability are separate and distinct bases for liability that do not automatically collapse into each other because the plaintiff might allege both when a product warning contributes to her injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conte v. Wyeth, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 89, 101 [85 Cal.Rptr.3d 299].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe \u2018known or knowable\u2019 standard arguably derives from negligence principles, and failure to warn claims are generally \u2018\u2009\u201crooted in negligence\u201d to a greater extent than\u2019 manufacturing or design defect claims. Unlike those other defects, a \u2018\u2009\u201cwarning defect\u201d relates to a failure extraneous to the product itself\u2019 and can only be assessed by examining the manufacturer\u2019s conduct. These principles notwithstanding, California law recognizes separate failure to warn claims under both strict liability and negligence theories. In general, a product seller will be\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">strictly liable<\/span>\u00a0for failure to warn if a warning was feasible and the absence of a warning caused the plaintiff\u2019s injury. Reasonableness of the seller\u2019s failure to warn is immaterial in the strict liability context. Conversely, to prevail on a claim for\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">negligent<\/span>\u00a0failure to warn, the plaintiff must prove that the seller\u2019s conduct fell below the standard of care. If a prudent seller would have acted reasonably in not giving a warning, the seller will not have been negligent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb v. Special Electric Co., Inc<\/span>. (2016) 63 Cal.4th 167, 181 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 460, 370 P.3d 1022], original italics, footnote and internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is true that the two types of failure to warn claims are not necessarily exclusive: \u2018No valid reason appears to require a plaintiff to elect whether to proceed on the theory of strict liability in tort or on the theory of negligence.\u2009\u2026 [\u00b6] Nor does it appear that instructions on the two theories will be confusing to the jury. There is nothing inconsistent in instructions on the two theories and to a large extent the two theories parallel and supplement each other.\u2019 Despite the often significant overlap between the theories of negligence and strict liability based on a product defect, a plaintiff is entitled to instructions on both theories if both are supported by the evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford v. Foster Wheeler LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 700, 717 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 418].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe actual knowledge of the individual manufacturer, even if reasonably prudent, is not the issue. We view the standard to require that the manufacturer is held to the knowledge and skill of an expert in the field; it is obliged to keep abreast of any scientific discoveries and is presumed to know the results of all such advances.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carlin, supra,<\/span>\u00a013 Cal.4th at p. 1113, fn. 3.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] defendant in a strict products liability action based upon an alleged failure to warn of a risk of harm may present evidence of the state of the art, i.e., evidence that the particular risk was neither known nor knowable by the application of scientific knowledge available at the time of manufacture and\/or distribution.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson, supra,<\/span>\u00a053 Cal.3d at p. 1004.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here can be no liability for failure to warn where the instructions or warnings sufficiently alert the user to the possibility of danger.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Aguayo v. Crompton &amp; Knowles Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1032, 1042 [228 Cal.Rptr. 768], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA duty to warn or disclose danger arises when an article is or should be known to be dangerous for its intended use, either inherently or because of defects.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">DeLeon v. Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 336, 343 [195 Cal.Rptr. 867], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia is well settled into the majority view that knowledge, actual or constructive, is a requisite for strict liability for failure to warn\u2009\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson, supra,<\/span>\u00a053 Cal.3d at p. 1000.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he duty to warn is not conditioned upon [actual or constructive] knowledge [of a danger] where the defectiveness of a product depends on the adequacy of instructions furnished by the supplier which are essential to the assembly and use of its product.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Midgley v. S. S. Kresge Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 67, 74 [127 Cal.Rptr. 217].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Under\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cronin<\/span>, plaintiffs in cases involving manufacturing and design defects do not have to prove that a defect made a product unreasonably dangerous; however, that case \u201cdid not preclude weighing the degree of dangerousness in the failure to warn cases.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cavers v. Cushman Motor Sales, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 338, 343 [157 Cal.Rptr. 142].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTwo types of warnings may be given. If the product\u2019s dangers may be avoided or mitigated by proper use of the product, \u2018the manufacturer may be required adequately to instruct the consumer as to how the product should be used.\u2019 If the risks involved in the use of the product are unavoidable, as in the case of potential side effects of prescription drugs, the supplier must give an adequate warning to enable the potential user to make an informed choice whether to use the product or abstain.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Buckner v. Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 522, 532 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 202], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he warning requirement is not limited to unreasonably or unavoidably dangerous products. Rather, directions or warnings are in order where reasonably required\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">to prevent the use of a product from becoming unreasonably dangerous<\/span>. It is the lack of such a warning which renders a product unreasonably dangerous and therefore defective.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gonzales v. Carmenita Ford Truck Sales, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 1143, 1151 [238 Cal.Rptr. 18], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn most cases,\u2009\u2026 the adequacy of a warning is a question of fact for the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson v. Deft, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1305, 1320 [273 Cal.Rptr. 214].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is no duty to warn of known risks or obvious dangers.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chavez v. Glock, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1304 [144 Cal.Rptr.3d 326].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn the context of prescription drugs, a manufacturer\u2019s duty is to warn physicians about the risks known or reasonably known to the manufacturer. The manufacturer has no duty to warn of risks that are \u2018merely speculative or conjectural, or so remote and insignificant as to be negligible.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">T.H. v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 4 Cal.5th 145, 164 [226 Cal.Rptr.3d 336, 407 P.3d 18], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] pharmaceutical manufacturer may not be required to provide warning of a risk known to the medical community.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carlin, supra,<\/span>\u00a013 Cal.4th at p. 1116.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo prevail on her failure-to-warn claims, [plaintiff] \u2018\u2009\u201cwill ultimately have to prove that if [defendant] had properly reported the adverse events to the FDA as required under federal law, that information would have reached [her] doctors in time to prevent [her] injuries.\u2019 [Citation.]\u201d But at this stage, [plaintiff] need only allege \u2018\u2009\u201ca causal connection\u201d\u2009\u2019 between [defendant\u2019s] failure to report and her injuries.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize v. Mentor Worldwide LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 850, 863\u2013864 [265 Cal.Rptr.3d 468], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo be liable in California, even under a strict liability theory, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant\u2019s failure to warn was a substantial factor in causing his or her injury. (CACI No. 1205.) The natural corollary to this requirement is that a defendant is not liable to a plaintiff if the injury would have occurred even if the defendant had issued adequate warnings.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huitt v. Southern California Gas Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1586, 1604 [116 Cal.Rptr.3d 453].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen a manufacturer or distributor has no effective way to convey a product warning to the ultimate consumer, the manufacturer should be permitted to rely on downstream suppliers to provide the warning. \u2018Modern life would be intolerable unless one were permitted to rely to a certain extent on others doing what they normally do, particularly if it is their duty to do so.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Persons v. Salomon N. Am.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 168, 178 [265 Cal.Rptr. 773], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] manufacturer\u2019s liability to the ultimate consumer may be extinguished by \u2018intervening cause\u2019 where the manufacturer either provides adequate warnings to a middleman or the middleman alters the product before passing it to the final consumer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Garza v. Asbestos Corp., Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 651, 661 [74 Cal.Rptr.3d 359].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018A manufacturer\u2019s duty to warn is a continuous duty which lasts as long as the product is in use.\u2019 [\u00b6] \u2026 [T]he manufacturer must continue to provide physicians with warnings, at least so long as it is manufacturing and distributing the product.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Valentine v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 68 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1482 [81 Cal.Rptr.2d 252].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he law now requires a manufacturer to foresee some degree of misuse and abuse of his product, either by the user or by third parties, and to take reasonable precautions to minimize the harm that may result from misuse and abuse.\u2009\u2026 [T]he extent to which designers and manufacturers of dangerous machinery are required to anticipate safety neglect presents an issue of fact.\u2009\u2026 [A] manufacturer owes a foreseeable user of its product a duty to warn of risks of using the product.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wright v. Stang Manufacturing Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1235 [63 Cal.Rptr.2d 422].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia law does not impose a duty to warn about dangers arising entirely from another manufacturer\u2019s product, even if it is foreseeable that the products will be used together.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil v. Crane Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 53 Cal.4th 335, 361 [135 Cal.Rptr.3d 288, 266 P.3d 987].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil<\/span>\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>] court concluded that\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tellez-Cordova<\/span>\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tellez-Cordova v. Campbell-Hausfeld\/Scott Fetzger Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2004) 129 Cal.App.4th 577]\u00a0marked an exception to the general rule barring imposition of strict liability on a manufacturer for harm caused by another manufacturer\u2019s product. That exception is applicable when \u2018the defendant\u2019s own product contributed substantially to the harm \u2026\u2009.\u2019 In expounding the exception, the court rejected the notion that imposition of strict liability on manufacturers is appropriate when it is merely foreseeable that their products will be used in conjunction with products made or sold by others. The\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil<\/span>\u00a0court further explained: \u2018Recognizing a duty to warn was appropriate in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tellez-Cordova<\/span>\u00a0because there the defendant\u2019s product was intended to be used with another product\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">for the very activity that created a hazardous situation<\/span>. Where the intended use of a product inevitably creates a hazardous situation, it is reasonable to expect the manufacturer to give warnings. Conversely, where the hazard arises entirely from another product, and the defendant\u2019s product does not create or contribute to that hazard, liability is not appropriate.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sherman v. Hennessy Industries, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1133, 1142 [188 Cal.Rptr.3d 769], original italics, internal citations omitted; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hetzel v. Hennessy Industries, Inc<\/span>. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 521, 529 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 310]\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil<\/span>\u00a0does not require evidence of exclusive use, but rather requires a showing of inevitable use];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rondon v. Hennessy Industries, Inc<\/span>. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1367, 1379 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 773]\u00a0[same].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[L]ike a manufacturer, a raw material supplier has a duty to warn about product risks that are known or knowable in light of available medical and scientific knowledge.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 181.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he duty of a component manufacturer or supplier to warn about the hazards of its products is not unlimited.\u2009\u2026 \u2018Making suppliers of inherently safe raw materials and component parts pay for the mistakes of the finished product manufacturer would not only be unfair, but it also would impose and intolerable burden on the business world\u2009\u2026\u2009. Suppliers of versatile materials like chains, valves, sand gravel, etc., cannot be expected to become experts in the infinite number of finished products that might conceivably incorporate their multi-use raw materials or components.\u2019 Thus, cases have subjected claims made against component suppliers to two related doctrines, the \u2018raw material supplier defense\u2019 and \u2018the bulk sales\/sophisticated purchaser rule.\u2019 Although the doctrines are distinct, their application oftentimes overlaps and together they present factors which should be carefully considered in evaluating the liability of component suppliers. Those factors include whether the raw materials or components are inherently dangerous, whether the materials are significantly altered before integration into an end product, whether the supplier was involved in designing the end-product and whether the manufacturer of the end product was in a position to discover and disclose hazards.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Artiglio v. General Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 830, 837 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 817].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091631\u20131643<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20092:1275\u20132:1276 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.11[4];\u00a0Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Proof<\/span>, \u00a7\u20097.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009460.11,\u00a0460.164\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 190,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009190.193\u2013190.194\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-oich8-1ee9a2ea3ead14989541e4199f012726 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-21lic-61f18c42fa6401593250304607e41d99\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-21lic-61f18c42fa6401593250304607e41d99 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-21lic-61f18c42fa6401593250304607e41d99 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-764","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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