{"id":766,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=766"},"modified":"2022-05-03T16:53:37","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T16:53:37","slug":"caci-1203-strict-liability-design-defect-consumer-expectation-test-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1203-strict-liability-design-defect-consumer-expectation-test-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1203 Strict Liability\u2014Design Defect\u2014Consumer Expectation Test\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6szya1-4a6f050b69def695cd2ab125bbab3f01\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6szya1-4a6f050b69def695cd2ab125bbab3f01{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6szya1-4a6f050b69def695cd2ab125bbab3f01 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6szya1-4a6f050b69def695cd2ab125bbab3f01 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6szya1-4a6f050b69def695cd2ab125bbab3f01 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1203 Strict Liability\u2014Design Defect\u2014Consumer Expectation Test\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6t1add-4cc3f6fb5f0c8b344193e52ca2eabd58\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6t1add-4cc3f6fb5f0c8b344193e52ca2eabd58 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6t1add-4cc3f6fb5f0c8b344193e52ca2eabd58 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1203\u00a0Strict Liability\u2014Design Defect\u2014Consumer Expectation Test\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s design was defective because the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not perform as safely as an ordinary consumer would have expected it to perform. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [manufactured\/distributed\/sold] the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not perform as safely as an ordinary consumer would have expected it to perform when used or misused in an intended or reasonably foreseeable way;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s failure to perform safely was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2005, April 2009, December 2009, June 2011, January 2018, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The consumer expectation test and the risk-benefit test for design defect are not mutually exclusive, and depending on the facts and circumstances of the case, both may be presented to the trier of fact in the same case. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Demara v. The Raymond Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 545, 554 [221 Cal.Rptr.3d 102].) If both tests are asserted by the plaintiff, the burden-of-proof instructions must make it clear that the two tests are alternatives. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bracisco v. Beech Aircraft Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 1101, 1106\u20131107 [206 Cal.Rptr. 431].)<\/p>\n<p>The court must make an initial determination as to whether the consumer expectation test applies to the product. In some cases, the court may determine that the product is one to which the test may, but not necessarily does, apply, leaving the determination to the jury. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saller v. Crown Cork &amp; Seal Co., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1233\u20131234 [115 Cal.Rptr.3d 151].) In such a case, modify the instruction to advise the jury that it must first determine whether the product is one about which an ordinary consumer can form reasonable minimum safety expectations.<\/p>\n<p>To make a prima facie case, the plaintiff has the initial burden of producing evidence that the plaintiff was injured while the product was being used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner. If this prima facie burden is met, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to prove that the plaintiff\u2019s injury resulted from a misuse of the product. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Perez v. VAS S.p.A.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 658, 678 [115 Cal.Rptr.3d 590]\u00a0[risk-benefit case]; see also\u00a0CACI No. 1245,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Product Misuse or Modification<\/span>.) Product misuse is a complete defense to strict products liability if the defendant proves that an unforeseeable abuse or alteration of the product after it left the manufacturer\u2019s hands was the sole cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Campbell v. Southern Pacific Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 22 Cal.3d 51, 56 [148 Cal.Rptr. 596, 583 P.2d 121]; see\u00a0CACI No. 1245.) Misuse or modification that was a substantial factor in, but not the sole cause of, plaintiff\u2019s harm may also be considered in determining the comparative fault of the plaintiff or of third persons. See\u00a0CACI No. 1207A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Comparative Fault of Plaintiff,<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0CACI No. 1207B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Comparative Fault of Third Person<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA manufacturer, distributor, or retailer is liable in tort if a defect in the manufacture or design of its product causes injury while the product is being used in a reasonably foreseeable way.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule v. General Motors Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal.4th 548, 560 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 607, 882 P.2d 298].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he term defect as utilized in the strict liability context is neither self-defining nor susceptible to a single definition applicable in all contexts.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson v. United States Steel Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 22, 31 [192 Cal.Rptr.3d 158].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] product is defective in design either (1) if the product has failed to perform as safely as an ordinary consumer would expect when used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner, or (2) if, in light of the relevant factors\u2009\u2026\u2009, the benefits of the challenged design do not outweigh the risk of danger inherent in such design.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker v. Lull Engineering Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 20 Cal.3d 413, 418 [143 Cal.Rptr. 225, 573 P.2d 443].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe [consumer-expectation and risk-benefit] tests provide alternative means for a plaintiff to prove design defect and do not serve as defenses to one another. A product may be defective under the consumer expectation test even if the benefits of the design outweigh the risks. [Citation.] On the other hand, a product may be defective if it satisfies consumer expectations but contains an excessively preventable danger in that the risks of the design outweigh its benefits.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chavez v. Glock, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1303 [144 Cal.Rptr.3d 326].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to establish a design defect under the consumer expectation test when a \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018product is one within the common experience of ordinary consumers,\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 the plaintiff must \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018provide[] evidence concerning (1) his or her use of the product; (2) the circumstances surrounding the injury; and (3) the objective features of the product which are relevant to an evaluation of its safety.\u2019 [Citation.] The test is that of a hypothetical reasonable consumer, not the expectation of the particular plaintiff in the case.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trejo v. Johnson &amp; Johnson<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 110, 157 [220 Cal.Rptr.3d 127].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe rationale of the consumer expectations test is that \u2018[t]he purposes, behaviors, and dangers of certain products are commonly understood by those who ordinarily use them.\u2019 Therefore, in some cases, ordinary knowledge of the product\u2019s characteristics may permit an inference that the product did not perform as safely as it should. \u2018<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">If<\/span>\u00a0the facts permit such a conclusion, and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">if<\/span>\u00a0the failure resulted from the product\u2019s design, a finding of defect is warranted without any further proof,\u2019 and the manufacturer may not defend by presenting expert evidence of a risk\/benefit analysis.\u2009\u2026 Nonetheless, the inherent complexity of the product itself is not controlling on the issue of whether the consumer expectations test applies; a complex product \u2018may perform so unsafely that the defect is apparent to the common reason, experience, and understanding of its ordinary consumers.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saller, supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 1232, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe critical question, in assessing the applicability of the consumer expectation test, is not whether the product, when considered in isolation, is beyond the ordinary knowledge of the consumer, but whether the product,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">in the context of the facts and circumstances of its failure<\/span>, is one about which the ordinary consumers can form minimum safety expectations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pannu v. Land Rover North America, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1298, 1311\u20131312 [120 Cal.Rptr.3d 605].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether the jury should be instructed on either the consumer expectations test or the risk\/benefit test depends upon the particular facts of the case. In a jury case, the trial court must initially determine as a question of foundation, within the context of the facts and circumstances of the particular case, whether the product is one about which the ordinary consumer can form reasonable minimum safety expectations. \u2018If the court concludes it is not, no consumer expectation instruction should be given.\u2009\u2026 If, on the other hand, the trial court finds there is sufficient evidence to support a finding that the ordinary consumer can form reasonable minimum safety expectations, the court should instruct the jury, consistent with\u00a0Evidence Code section 403, subdivision (c), to determine whether the consumer expectation test applies to the product at issue in the circumstances of the case [or] to disregard the evidence about consumer expectations unless the jury finds that the test is applicable. If it finds the test applicable, the jury then must decide whether the product failed to perform as safely as an ordinary consumer would expect when the product is used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saller, supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1233\u20131234, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[The] dual standard for design defect assures an injured plaintiff protection from products that either fall below ordinary consumer expectations as to safety or that, on balance, are not as safely designed as they should be.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker, supra,<\/span>\u00a020 Cal.3d at p. 418.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The consumer expectation test \u201cacknowledges the relationship between strict tort liability for a defective product and the common law doctrine of warranty, which holds that a product\u2019s presence on the market includes an implied representation \u2018that it [will] safely do the jobs for which it was built.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule, supra<\/span>, 8 Cal.4th at p. 562, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he jury may not be left free to find a violation of ordinary consumer expectations whenever it chooses. Unless the facts actually permit an inference that the product\u2019s performance did not meet the minimum safety expectations of its ordinary users, the jury must engage in the balancing of risks and benefits required by the second prong of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker<\/span>. Accordingly, as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker<\/span>\u00a0indicated, instructions are misleading and incorrect if they allow a jury to avoid this risk-benefit analysis in a case where it is required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.4th at p. 568.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he consumer expectation test does not apply merely because the consumer states that he or she did not expect to be injured by the product.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trejo, supra,<\/span>\u00a013 Cal.App.5th at p. 159.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he consumer expectation test is reserved for cases in which the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">everyday experience<\/span>\u00a0of the product\u2019s users permits a conclusion that the product\u2019s design violated\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">minimum<\/span>\u00a0safety assumptions, and is thus defective\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">regardless of expert opinion about the merits of the design<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.4th at p. 567, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] product\u2019s users include anyone whose injury was \u2018reasonably foreseeable.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Demara, supra,<\/span>\u00a013 Cal.App.5th at p. 559.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf the facts permit an inference that the product at issue is one about which consumers may form minimum safety assumptions in the context of a particular accident, then it is enough for a plaintiff, proceeding under the consumer expectation test, to show the circumstances of the accident and \u2018the objective features of the product which are relevant to an evaluation of its safety\u2019 [citation], leaving it to the fact finder to \u2018employ \u201c[its] own sense of whether the product meets ordinary expectations as to its safety under the circumstances presented by the evidence.\u201d\u2009\u2019 [Citations.] Expert testimony as to what consumers ordinarily \u2018expect\u2019 is generally improper.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chavez, supra<\/span>, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThat causation for a plaintiff\u2019s injuries was proved through expert testimony does not mean that an ordinary consumer would be unable to form assumptions about the product\u2019s safety. Accordingly, the trial court properly instructed the jury on the consumer expectations test.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Romine v. Johnson Controls, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 990, 1004 [169 Cal.Rptr.3d 208], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, \u2018\u2009\u201c[e]xpert witnesses may not be used to demonstrate what an ordinary consumer would or should expect,\u201d because the idea behind the consumer expectations test is that the lay jurors have common knowledge about the product\u2019s basic safety.\u2019 However, \u2018where the product is in specialized use with a limited group of consumers[,] \u2026 \u2018\u2026 expert testimony on the limited subject of what the product\u2019s actual consumers\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">do expect<\/span>\u00a0may be proper\u201d\u2009\u2019 because \u2018\u2009\u201cthe expectations of the product\u2019s limited group of ordinary consumers are beyond the lay experience common to all jurors.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Verrazono v. Gehl Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 636, 646\u2013647 [263 Cal.Rptr.3d 663], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn determining whether a product\u2019s safety satisfies [the consumer expectation test], the jury considers the expectations of a hypothetical reasonable consumer, rather than those of the particular plaintiff in the case.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Campbell v. General Motors Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 32 Cal.3d 112, 126, fn. 6 [184 Cal.Rptr. 891, 649 P.2d 224].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[E]vidence as to what the scientific community knew about the dangers \u2026 and when they knew it is not relevant to show what the ordinary consumer of [defendant]\u2019s product reasonably expected in terms of safety at the time of [plaintiff]\u2019s exposure. It is the knowledge and reasonable expectations of the consumer, not the scientific community, that is relevant under the consumer expectations test.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Morton v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1529, 1536 [40 Cal.Rptr.2d 22].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere liability depends on the proof of a design defect, no practical difference exists between negligence and strict liability; the claims merge.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lambert v. General Motors<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 1179, 1185 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 657].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he law now requires a manufacturer to foresee some degree of misuse and abuse of his product, either by the user or by third parties, and to take reasonable precautions to minimize the harm that may result from misuse and abuse.\u2009\u2026 [T]he extent to which designers and manufacturers of dangerous machinery are required to anticipate safety neglect presents an issue of fact.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wright v. Stang Manufacturing Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1235 [63 Cal.Rptr.2d 422].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he plaintiff bears an initial burden of making \u2018a prima facie showing that the injury was proximately caused by the product\u2019s design.\u2019 This showing requires evidence that the plaintiff was injured\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">while using the product in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner<\/span>\u00a0and that the plaintiff\u2019s ability to avoid injury was frustrated by the absence of a safety device, or by the nature of the product\u2019s design. If this prima facie burden is met, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to prove, in light of the relevant factors, that the product is not defective. Importantly, the plaintiff\u2019s prima facie burden of producing evidence that injury occurred while the product was being used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner must be distinguished from the ultimate burden of proof that rests with the defendant to establish that its product was not defective because the plaintiff\u2019s injury resulted from a misuse of the product.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Perez, supra<\/span>, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 678, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe use of asbestos insulation is a product that is within the understanding of ordinary lay consumers.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saller, supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 1236.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091615\u20131631<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability For Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20092:1220\u20132:1222 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.11,\u00a0Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Proof<\/span>, \u00a7\u20097.02\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 190,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009190.116 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-qx1me-ce4aa2af43e43d4288f467aa33a86a06 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lvlzi-5f11d7551fb5f82455f7928a4ff0429b\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-lvlzi-5f11d7551fb5f82455f7928a4ff0429b .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lvlzi-5f11d7551fb5f82455f7928a4ff0429b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-766","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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