{"id":769,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=769"},"modified":"2022-05-03T16:50:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T16:50:41","slug":"caci-1200-strict-liability-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1200-strict-liability-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1200 Strict Liability\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6svy4p-173bcce5280b9c4045523eaf64ba1964\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6svy4p-173bcce5280b9c4045523eaf64ba1964{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6svy4p-173bcce5280b9c4045523eaf64ba1964 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6svy4p-173bcce5280b9c4045523eaf64ba1964 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6svy4p-173bcce5280b9c4045523eaf64ba1964 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1200 Strict Liability\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6sx18w-b2321bf7567eac143e2903de6b985ea7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6sx18w-b2321bf7567eac143e2903de6b985ea7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6sx18w-b2321bf7567eac143e2903de6b985ea7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1200\u00a0Strict Liability\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by a product [distributed\/manufactured\/sold] by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[contained a manufacturing defect;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was defectively designed;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[did not include sufficient [instructions] [or] [warning of potential safety hazards].] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cProducts liability is the name currently given to the area of the law involving the liability of those who supply goods or products for the use of others to purchasers, users, and bystanders for losses of various kinds resulting from so-called defects in those products.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson v. United States Steel Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 22, 30 [192 Cal.Rptr.3d 158].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA manufacturer, distributor, or retailer is liable in tort if a defect in the manufacture or design of its product causes injury while the product is being used in a reasonably foreseeable way.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule v. GM Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal.4th 548, 560 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 607, 882 P.2d 298], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cStrict liability has been invoked for three types of defects\u2014manufacturing defects, design defects, and \u2018warning defects,\u2019 i.e., inadequate warnings or failures to warn.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 53 Cal.3d 987, 995 [281 Cal.Rptr. 528, 810 P.2d 549].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the Restatement [Rest.3d Torts, Products Liability, \u00a7\u20092], a product is defective if it: \u2018(a) contains a manufacturing defect when the product departs from its intended design even though all possible care was exercised in the preparation and marketing of the product; [\u00b6] (b) is defective in design when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the adoption of a reasonable alternative design by the seller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the alternative design renders the product not reasonably safe; [\u00b6] (c) is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the provision of reasonable instructions or warnings by the seller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the instructions or warnings renders the product not reasonably safe.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brady v. Calsol, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1212, 1218\u20131219 [194 Cal.Rptr.3d 243].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places on the market, knowing that it is to be used without inspection for defects, proves to have a defect that causes injury to a human being.\u2009\u2026 The purpose of such liability is to insure that the costs of injuries resulting from defective products are borne by the manufacturers that put such products on the market rather than by the injured persons who are powerless to protect themselves.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1963) 59 Cal.2d 57, 62\u201363 [27 Cal.Rptr. 697, 377 P.2d 897].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]trict products liability causes of action need not be pled in terms of classic negligence elements (duty, breach, causation and damages).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elsheref v. Applied Materials, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 451, 464 [167 Cal.Rptr.3d 257].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]trict liability has never been, and is not now, absolute liability. As has been repeatedly expressed, under strict liability the manufacturer does not thereby become the insurer of the safety of the product\u2019s user.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sanchez v. Hitachi Koki, Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 948, 956 [158 Cal.Rptr.3d 907].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBeyond manufacturers, anyone identifiable as \u2018an integral part of the overall producing and marketing enterprise\u2019 is subject to strict liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arriaga v. CitiCapital Commercial Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1527, 1534 [85 Cal.Rptr.3d 143].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, the imposition of strict liability hinges on the extent to which a party was \u2018responsible for placing products in the stream of commerce.\u2019 When the purchase of a product \u2018is the primary objective or essence of the transaction, strict liability applies even to those who are mere conduits in distributing the product to the consumer.\u2019 In contrast, the doctrine of strict liability is ordinarily inapplicable to transactions \u2018whose primary objective is obtaining services,\u2019 and to transactions in which the \u2018service aspect predominates and any product sale is merely incidental to the provision of the service.\u2019 Thus, \u2018[i]n a given transaction involving both products and services, liability will often depend upon the defendant\u2019s role.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandezcueva v. E.F. Brady Co., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 249, 258 [196 Cal.Rptr.3d 594], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[U]nder the stream-of-commerce approach to strict liability[,] no precise legal relationship to the member of the enterprise causing the defect to be manufactured or to the member most closely connected with the customer is required before the courts will impose strict liability. It is the defendant\u2019s participatory connection, for his personal profit or other benefit, with the injury-producing product and with the enterprise that created consumer demand for and reliance upon the product (and not the defendant\u2019s legal relationship (such as agency) with the manufacturer or other entities involved in the manufacturing-marketing system) which calls for imposition of strict liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandezcueva, supra<\/span>, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 257\u2013258.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]trict liability is not imposed even if the defendant is technically a \u201clink in the chain\u201d in getting the product to the consumer market if the judicially perceived policy considerations are not satisfied. Thus, a defendant will not be held strictly liable unless doing so will enhance product safety, maximize protection to the injured plaintiff, and apportion costs among the defendants. [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandezcueva, supra<\/span>, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 258.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia cases have found that a defendant involved in the marketing\/distribution process may be held strictly liable \u2018if three factors are present: (1) the defendant received a direct financial benefit from its activities and from the sale of the product; (2) the defendant\u2019s role was integral to the business enterprise such that the defendant\u2019s conduct was a necessary factor in bringing the product to the initial consumer market; and (3) the defendant had control over, or a substantial ability to influence, the manufacturing or distribution process. [Citation.]\u2019 \u2026 \u2018The application of strict liability in any particular factual setting is determined largely by the policies that underlie the doctrine.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Petitpas v. Ford Motor Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 261, 270 [220 Cal.Rptr.3d 185], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe component parts doctrine provides that the manufacturer of a component part is not liable for injuries caused by the finished product into which the component has been incorporated unless the component itself was defective and caused harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil v. Crane Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 53 Cal.4th 335, 355 [135 Cal.Rptr.3d 288, 266 P.3d 987].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe only exceptions to this rule [that a product manufacturer generally may not be held strictly liable for harm caused by another manufacturer\u2019s product] arise when the defendant bears some direct responsibility for the harm, either because the defendant\u2019s own product contributed substantially to the harm, or because the defendant participated substantially in creating a harmful combined use of the products.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Neil, supra<\/span>, 53 Cal.4th at p. 362, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o hold a defendant strictly liable under a marketing\/distribution theory, the plaintiff must demonstrate that: \u2018(1) the defendant received a direct financial benefit from its activities and from the sale of the product; (2) the defendant\u2019s role was integral to the business enterprise such that the defendant\u2019s conduct was a necessary factor in bringing the product to the initial consumer market; and (3) the defendant had control over, or a substantial ability to influence, the manufacturing or distribution process.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arriaga, supra,<\/span>\u00a0167 Cal.App.4th at p. 1535.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he doctrine of strict liability may not be restricted on a theory of privity of contract. Since the doctrine applies even where the manufacturer has attempted to limit liability, they further make it clear that the doctrine may not be limited on the theory that no representation of safety is made to the bystander. [\u00b6\u00b6] If anything, bystanders should be entitled to greater protection than the consumer or user where injury to bystanders from the defect is reasonably foreseeable. Consumers and users, at least, have the opportunity to inspect for defects and to limit their purchases to articles manufactured by reputable manufacturers and sold by reputable retailers, whereas the bystander ordinarily has no such opportunities. In short, the bystander is in greater need of protection from defective products which are dangerous, and if any distinction should be made between bystanders and users, it should be made, contrary to the position of defendants, to extend greater liability in favor of the bystanders.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elmore v. American Motors Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1969) 70 Cal.2d 578, 586 [75 Cal.Rptr. 652, 451 P.2d 84].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEngineers who do not participate in bringing a product to market and simply design a product are not subject to strict products liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Romine v. Johnson Controls, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 990, 1008 [169 Cal.Rptr.3d 208].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs a provider of services rather than a seller of a product, the hospital is not subject to strict liability for a defective product provided to the patient during the course of his or her treatment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bigler-Engler v. Breg, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 276, 316 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 82]\u00a0[however, causes of action based in negligence are not affected].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091591\u20131601<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability For Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20092:1207, 2:1215 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.10\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 190,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009190.20 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-ryvi9-76012474371d32bf996f358fa6df2e12 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-23ocx-db1171e76837797e0bc6acdbbca4d31f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-23ocx-db1171e76837797e0bc6acdbbca4d31f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-23ocx-db1171e76837797e0bc6acdbbca4d31f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-769","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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