{"id":802,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=802"},"modified":"2022-05-03T17:35:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T17:35:51","slug":"caci-1249-affirmative-defense-reliance-on-knowledgeable-intermediary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1249-affirmative-defense-reliance-on-knowledgeable-intermediary\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1249 Affirmative Defense\u2014Reliance on Knowledgeable Intermediary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w92ht-098ec66500885b1780e2ed14682a8c96\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6w92ht-098ec66500885b1780e2ed14682a8c96{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6w92ht-098ec66500885b1780e2ed14682a8c96 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku6w92ht-098ec66500885b1780e2ed14682a8c96 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku6w92ht-098ec66500885b1780e2ed14682a8c96 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1249 Affirmative Defense\u2014Reliance on Knowledgeable Intermediary<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6wacxs-5e26da5ed3655bcadb7d12a2feb4e5f0\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6wacxs-5e26da5ed3655bcadb7d12a2feb4e5f0 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6wacxs-5e26da5ed3655bcadb7d12a2feb4e5f0 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1249\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Reliance on Knowledgeable Intermediary<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] is not responsible for any harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] based on a failure to warn because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] sold [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify product, e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to an intermediary purchaser [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] relied on [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to provide adequate warnings to end users of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] sold [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify product, e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] conveyed adequate warnings of the particular risks in the use of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was aware of, or should have been aware of, the particular risks of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] actually and reasonably relied on [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to convey adequate warnings of the particular risks in the use of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span>]\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">to those who, like [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span>]<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">, might encounter the risk of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Reasonable reliance depends on many factors, including, but not limited to:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">a.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The degree of risk posed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">b.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The feasibility of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s directly warning those who might encounter [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in a finished product; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">c.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The likelihood that the intermediary purchaser will convey warnings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In determining the likelihood that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would convey adequate warnings, consider what a supplier of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] should know about [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. Factors to consider include, but are not limited to:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(1)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew or should have been aware of the specific risks posed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., asbestos<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(2)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had a reputation for carefulness; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(3)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of intermediary<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was willing to, and had the ability to, communicate adequate warnings to end users. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New May 2017 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if the defendant supplier of materials claims that it gave warnings to an intermediary purchaser or relied on an intermediary purchaser to provide warnings to end users of the product. Reasonable reliance on an intermediary is an affirmative defense to a claim of failure to warn under both strict liability and negligence theories. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb v. Special Electric Co., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 63 Cal.4th 167, 187 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 460, 370 P.3d 1022].)<\/p>\n<p>This instruction sets forth all of the elements of the defense. The reasonableness of the defendant\u2019s reliance under factors a\u2013c on the intermediary to warn end users is a question of fact. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 180.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen a hazardous raw material is supplied for any purpose, including the manufacture of a finished product, the supplier has a duty to warn about the material\u2019s dangers. Under the sophisticated intermediary doctrine, the supplier can discharge this duty if it conveys adequate warnings to the material\u2019s purchaser, or sells to a sufficiently sophisticated purchaser, and reasonably relies on the purchaser to convey adequate warnings to others, including those who encounter the material in a finished product. Reasonable reliance depends on many circumstances, including the degree of risk posed by the material, the likelihood the purchaser will convey warnings, and the feasibility of directly warning end users. The doctrine balances the competing policies of compensating those injured by dangerous products and encouraging conduct that can feasibly be performed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 177.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo establish a defense under the sophisticated intermediary doctrine, a product supplier must show not only that it warned or sold to a knowledgeable intermediary, but also that it actually and reasonably relied on the intermediary to convey warnings to end users. This inquiry will typically raise questions of fact for the jury to resolve unless critical facts establishing reasonableness are undisputed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 189\u2013190.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause the sophisticated intermediary doctrine is an affirmative defense, the supplier bears the burden of proving that it adequately warned the intermediary, or knew the intermediary was aware or should have been aware of the specific hazard, and reasonably relied on the intermediary to transmit warnings.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 187.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLike the sophisticated user defense, the sophisticated intermediary defense applies to failure to warn claims sounding in either strict liability or negligence. As we have previously observed, \u2018there is little functional difference between the two theories in the failure to warn context.\u2019\u2009\u2018[I]n failure to warn cases, whether asserted on negligence or strict liability grounds, there is but one unitary theory of liability which is negligence based\u2014the duty to use reasonable care in promulgating a warning.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 187, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe goal of products liability law is not merely to spread risk but also \u2018to \u201cinduce conduct that is capable of being performed.\u201d\u2009\u2019 The sophisticated intermediary doctrine serves this goal by recognizing a product supplier\u2019s duty to warn but permitting the supplier to discharge this duty in a responsible and practical way. It appropriately and equitably balances the practical realities of supplying products with the need for consumer safety.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 187, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe \u2018gravity\u2019 of risk factor encompasses both the \u2018serious or trivial character of the harm\u2019 that is possible and the likelihood that this harm will result. This factor focuses on the nature of the material supplied. If the substance is extremely dangerous, the supplier may need to take additional steps, such as inquiring about the intermediary\u2019s warning practices, to ensure that warnings are communicated. The overarching question is the reasonableness of the supplier\u2019s conduct given the potential severity of the harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 190, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe second Restatement factor, measuring the likelihood that the intermediary will warn, focuses on the reliability of the intermediary. The supplier\u2019s knowledge about the intermediary\u2019s reliability is judged by an objective standard, based on what a reasonable supplier would have known under the circumstances. Relevant concerns for this factor include, for example, the intermediary\u2019s level of knowledge about the hazard, its reputation for carefulness or consideration, and its willingness, and ability, to communicate adequate warnings to end users. Of course, a supplier is always free to inquire about the intermediary\u2019s warning policies and practices as a means of assessing the intermediary\u2019s reliability. The Second Restatement suggests economic motivations may also be important. For example, an intermediary manufacturer may have an incentive to withhold necessary information about a component material if warnings would make its product less attractive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 190, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is also significant if, under the circumstances giving rise to the plaintiff\u2019s claim, the intermediary itself had a legal duty to warn end users about the particular hazard in question. In general, \u2018\u2009\u201cevery person has a right to presume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law.\u201d\u2009\u2019 As the Restatement notes, \u2018[m]odern life would be intolerable unless one were permitted to rely to a certain extent on others\u2019 doing what they normally do, particularly if it is their duty to do so.\u2019 This consideration may be especially relevant in the context of a raw material or other component supplied for use in making a finished product. Under California law, a product manufacturer has a legal duty to warn its customers of all known or knowable dangers arising from use of the product. However, regardless of the purchaser\u2019s independent duty, the supplier cannot reasonably ignore known facts that would provide notice of a substantial risk that the intermediary might fail to warn or that warnings might fail to reach the consumer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 191, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen raw materials are supplied in bulk for the manufacture of a finished product, it may be difficult for the supplier to convey warnings to the product\u2019s ultimate consumers. These suppliers likely have no way to identify ultimate product users and no ready means to communicate with them.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 191.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe recognize that direct proof of actual reliance may be difficult to obtain when, as in the case of latent disease, the material was supplied to an intermediary long ago. However, actual reliance is an inference the factfinder should be able to draw from circumstantial evidence about the parties\u2019 dealings.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Webb, supra<\/span>, 63 Cal.4th at p. 193.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091321<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.21[3][c]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.11[10][b]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 190,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009190.263 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-qghyy-6d59d28ed72b2c66fb791f514c28d657 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l474q-0be11b3fe4578134082eb8f8261051c9\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-l474q-0be11b3fe4578134082eb8f8261051c9 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l474q-0be11b3fe4578134082eb8f8261051c9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-802","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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