{"id":804,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=804"},"modified":"2022-05-03T17:34:23","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T17:34:23","slug":"caci-1247-affirmative-defense-failure-to-warn-government-contractor","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1247-affirmative-defense-failure-to-warn-government-contractor\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1247 Affirmative Defense\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Government Contractor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w3s02-602428be8ed41f1a89d102bc1d1fcfe2\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6w3s02-602428be8ed41f1a89d102bc1d1fcfe2{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6w3s02-602428be8ed41f1a89d102bc1d1fcfe2 .av-special-heading-tag 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w52fn-71450c2c9342521ca0e2a1e52e73a1d5\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6w52fn-71450c2c9342521ca0e2a1e52e73a1d5 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6w52fn-71450c2c9342521ca0e2a1e52e73a1d5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1247\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Government Contractor<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may not be held liable for failure to warn about the dangers in the use of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] if it proves all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] contracted with the United States government to provide the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for military use;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the United States imposed reasonably precise specifications on [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] regarding the provision of warnings for the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] conformed to those specifications regarding warnings; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that were known to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] but not to the United States. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New December 2010 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is for use if the defendant\u2019s product about which a failure to warn is alleged (see\u00a0CACI No. 1205,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 1222,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Manufacturer or Supplier\u2014Duty to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>) was provided to the United States government for military use. The essence of the defense is that the plaintiff should not be able to impose on a government contractor a duty under state law that is contrary to the duty imposed by the government contract. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle v. United Technologies Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 487 U.S. 500, 508\u2013509 [108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442].)<\/p>\n<p>It has been stated that the defense is not limited to military contracts (see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford v. Foster Wheeler LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 700, 710 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 418]), though no California court has expressly so held.<\/p>\n<p>Different standards and elements apply in a design defect case. For an instruction for use in such a case, see\u00a0CACI No. 1246,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2014Design Defect\u2014<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Government Contractor<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe appellate court in Tate [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tate v. Boeing Helicopters<\/span>\u00a0(6th Cir. 1995) 55 F.3d 1150, 1157]\u00a0offered an alternative test for applying the government contractor defense in the context of failure to warn claims: \u2018When state law would otherwise impose liability for a failure to warn of dangers in using military equipment, that law is displaced if the contractor can show: (1) the United States exercised its discretion and approved the warnings, if any; (2) the contractor provided warnings that conformed to the approved warnings; and (3) the contractor warned the United States of the dangers in the equipment\u2019s use about which the contractor knew, but the United States did not.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 712.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs in design defect cases, in order to satisfy the first condition\u2014government \u2018approval\u2019\u2014in failure to warn cases, the government\u2019s involvement must transcend rubber stamping. And where the government goes beyond approval and actually determines for itself the warnings to be provided, the contractor has surely satisfied the first condition because the government exercised its discretion. The second condition in failure to warn cases, as in design defect cases, assures that the defense protects the government\u2019s, not the contractor\u2019s, exercise of discretion. Finally, the third condition encourages frank communication to the government of the equipment\u2019s dangers and increases the likelihood that the government will make a well-informed judgment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 712, quoting\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tate<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 55 F.3d at p. 1157.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder California law, a manufacturer has a duty to warn of a danger when the manufacturer has knowledge of the danger or has reason to know of it and has no reason to know that those who use the product will realize its dangerous condition. Whereas the government contractor\u2019s defense may be used to trump a design defect claim by proving that the government, not the contractor, is responsible for the defective design, that defense is inapplicable to a failure to warn claim in the absence of evidence that in making its decision whether to provide a warning\u2009\u2026\u2009, [defendant] was \u2018acting in compliance with \u201creasonably precise specifications\u201d imposed on [it] by the United States.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Butler v. Ingalls Shipbuilding<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1996) 89 F.3d 582, 586.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn a failure-to-warn action, where no conflict exists between requirements imposed under a federal contract and a state law duty to warn, regardless of any conflict which may exist between the contract and state law design requirements, Boyle commands that we defer to the operation of state law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Butler<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 89 F.3d at p. 586.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDefendants\u2019 evidence did not establish as a matter of law the necessary significant conflict between federal contracting requirements and state law. Although defendants\u2019 evidence did show that certain warnings were required by the military specifications, that evidence did not establish that the specifications placed any limitation on additional information from the manufacturers to users of their products. Instead, the evidence suggested no such limitation existed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson v. Deft, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1305, 1317 [273 Cal.Rptr. 214].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe [United States] Supreme Court noted that in areas of \u2018\u2009\u201cuniquely federal interests\u201d\u2009\u2019 state law may be preempted or displaced by federal law, and that civil liability arising from the performance of federal procurement contracts is such an area. The court further determined that preemption or displacement of state law occurs in an area of uniquely federal interests only where a \u2018\u2009\u201csignificant conflict\u201d\u2009\u2019 exists between an identifiable federal policy or interest and the operation of state law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford, supra,<\/span>\u00a0177 Cal.App.4th at p. 708, quoting\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 487 U.S. at pp. 500, 504, 507, 512.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Supreme Court in Boyle did not expressly limit its holding to products liability causes of action. Thus, the government contractor defense is applicable to related negligence claims.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 711.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he fact that a company supplies goods to the military does not, in and of itself, immunize it from liability for the injuries caused by those goods. Where the goods ordered by the military are those readily available, in substantially similar form, to commercial users, the military contractor defense does not apply.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hawaii Federal Asbestos Cases<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1992) 960 F.2d 806, 811.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn our view, if a product is produced according to military specifications and used by the military because of particular qualities which serve a military purpose, and is incidentally sold commercially as well, that product may nonetheless still qualify as military equipment under the military contractor defense.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.3d at p. 1319.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile courts such as the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hawaii<\/span>\u00a0have sought to confine the government contractor defense to products that are made exclusively for the military, we agree with the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson<\/span>\u00a0that this limitation is unduly confining. Though the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle<\/span>\u00a0discussed the parameters of the contractor defense in terms of \u2018military equipment,\u2019 use of that term appears to have followed from the facts of that case. Other courts considering this issue have concluded the defense is not limited to military contracts.\u2009\u2026 [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle\u2019s<\/span>] application focuses instead on whether the issue or area is one involving \u2018uniquely federal interests\u2019 and, if so, whether the application of state law presents a \u2018significant conflict\u2019 with federal policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 710; the split on this issue in the federal and other state courts is noted in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carley v. Wheeled Coach<\/span> (3d Cir. 1993) 991 F.2d 1117, 1119, fn. 1.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091704<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defenses<\/span>, \u00a7\u20098.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 21,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Aviation Tort Law<\/span>, \u00a7\u200921.02[6]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 16,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Airplanes and Airports<\/span>, \u00a7\u200916.10[5]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.104[23]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-rwino-5bcda5b898c25c96531219a588fcbe12 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-j41ws-6ac6d633ca9f8b292dc113ac0d038b0a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-j41ws-6ac6d633ca9f8b292dc113ac0d038b0a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-j41ws-6ac6d633ca9f8b292dc113ac0d038b0a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-804","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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