{"id":805,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=805"},"modified":"2022-05-03T17:33:35","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T17:33:35","slug":"caci-1246-affirmative-defense-design-defect-government-contractor","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1246-affirmative-defense-design-defect-government-contractor\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1246 Affirmative Defense\u2014Design Defect\u2014Government Contractor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w28sx-1cf3c91beaa6350a07f74d7978ef95bc\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6w28sx-1cf3c91beaa6350a07f74d7978ef95bc{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6w28sx-1cf3c91beaa6350a07f74d7978ef95bc .av-special-heading-tag 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w3fmt-5523910c26cb872b3c9850ea03460cf7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6w3fmt-5523910c26cb872b3c9850ea03460cf7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6w3fmt-5523910c26cb872b3c9850ea03460cf7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1246\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Design Defect\u2014Government Contractor<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may not be held liable for design defects in the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] if it proves all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] contracted with the United States government to provide the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for military use;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the United States approved reasonably precise specifications for the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] conformed to those specifications; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that were known to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] but not to the United States. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New June 2010; Revised December 2010 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is for use if the defendant\u2019s product whose design is challenged was provided to the United States government for military use. The essence of the defense is that the plaintiff should not be able to impose on a government contractor a duty under state law that is contrary to the duty imposed by the government contract. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle v. United Technologies Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 487 U.S. 500, 508\u2013509 [108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442].)<\/p>\n<p>It has been stated that the defense is not limited to military contracts (see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford v. Foster Wheeler LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 700, 710 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 418]), though no California court has expressly so held.<\/p>\n<p>Different standards and elements apply in a failure-to-warn case. For an instruction for use in such a case, see\u00a0CACI No. 1247,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Government Contractor. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe [United States] Supreme Court noted that in areas of \u2018\u2009\u201cuniquely federal interests\u201d\u2009\u2019 state law may be preempted or displaced by federal law, and that civil liability arising from the performance of federal procurement contracts is such an area. The court further determined that preemption or displacement of state law occurs in an area of uniquely federal interests only where a \u2018\u2009\u201csignificant conflict\u201d\u2009\u2019 exists between an identifiable federal policy or interest and the operation of state law. The court concluded that \u2018state law which holds Government contractors liable for design defects in military equipment does in some circumstances present a \u201csignificant conflict\u201d with federal policy and must be displaced.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford, supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 708, quoting\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle, supra<\/span>, 487 U.S. at pp. 500, 504, 507, 512.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLiability for design defects in military equipment cannot be imposed, pursuant to state law, when (1) the United States approved reasonably precise specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier but not to the United States. The first two of these conditions assure that the suit is within the area where the policy of the \u2018discretionary function\u2019 would be frustrated\u2014i.e., they assure that the design feature in question was considered by a Government officer, and not merely by the contractor itself. The third condition is necessary because, in its absence, the displacement of state tort law would create some incentive for the manufacturer to withhold knowledge of risks, since conveying that knowledge might disrupt the contract but withholding it would produce no liability. We adopt this provision lest our effort to protect discretionary functions perversely impede them by cutting off information highly relevant to the discretionary decision.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle, supra<\/span>, 487 U.S. at pp. 512\u2013513.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he fact that a company supplies goods to the military does not, in and of itself, immunize it from liability for the injuries caused by those goods. Where the goods ordered by the military are those readily available, in substantially similar form, to commercial users, the military contractor defense does not apply.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re Hawaii Federal Asbestos Cases<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1992) 960 F.2d 806, 811.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here a purchase does not involve \u2018reasonably precise specifications\u2019 bearing on the challenged design feature, the government necessarily has not made a considered evaluation of and affirmative judgment call about the design.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kase v. Metalclad Insulation Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 623, 628 [212 Cal.Rptr.3d 198].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn our view, if a product is produced according to military specifications and used by the military because of particular qualities which serve a military purpose, and is incidentally sold commercially as well, that product may nonetheless still qualify as military equipment under the military contractor defense.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson v. Deft, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1305, 1319 [273 Cal.Rptr. 214]; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kase, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.App.5th at p. 637\u00a0[\u201cWe continue to agree with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford<\/span>\u00a0that a product\u2019s commercial availability does not necessarily foreclose the government contractor defense.\u201d].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile courts such as the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hawaii<\/span>\u00a0have sought to confine the government contractor defense to products that are made exclusively for the military, we agree with the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson<\/span>\u00a0that this limitation is unduly confining. Though the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle<\/span>\u00a0discussed the parameters of the contractor defense in terms of \u2018military equipment,\u2019 use of that term appears to have followed from the facts of that case. Other courts considering this issue have concluded the defense is not limited to military contracts.\u2009\u2026 [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle\u2019s<\/span>] application focuses instead on whether the issue or area is one involving \u2018uniquely federal interests\u2019 and, if so, whether the application of state law presents a \u2018significant conflict\u2019 with federal policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford, supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 710; the split on this issue in the federal and other state courts is noted in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carley v. Wheeled Coach<\/span>\u00a0(3d Cir. 1993) 991 F.2d 1117, 1119, fn. 1.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Supreme Court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle<\/span>\u00a0did not expressly limit its holding to products liability causes of action. Thus, the government contractor defense is applicable to related negligence claims.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford, supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 711.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n order to satisfy the first condition\u2014government \u2018approval\u2019 \u2026 the government\u2019s involvement must transcend rubber stamping.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oxford, supra<\/span>, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 712.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]pproval must result from a \u2018continuous exchange\u2019 and \u2018back and forth dialogue\u2019 between the contractor and the government. When the government engages in a thorough review of the allegedly defective design and takes an active role in testing and implementing that design,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boyle\u2019s<\/span>\u00a0first element is met.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Getz v. Boeing Co.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2011) 654 F.3d 852, 861, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he operative test for conformity with reasonably precise specifications turns on whether \u2018the alleged defect \u2026 exist[ed] independently of the design itself.\u2019\u2009\u2018To say that a product failed to conform to specifications is just another way of saying that it was defectively manufactured.\u2019 Therefore, absent some evidence of a latent manufacturing defect, a military contractor can establish conformity with reasonably precise specifications by showing \u2018[e]xtensive government involvement in the design, review, development and testing of a product\u2019 and by demonstrating \u2018extensive acceptance and use of the product following production.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Getz, supra<\/span>, 654 F.3d at p. 864, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough the source of the government contractor defense is the United States\u2019 sovereign immunity, we have explicitly stated that \u2018the government contractor defense does not confer sovereign immunity on contractors.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez v. Lockheed Martin Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2010) 627 F.3d 1259, 1265.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091704<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability For Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20092:1270, 2:1316, 2:1631 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defenses<\/span>, \u00a7\u20098.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 21,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Aviation Tort Law<\/span>, \u00a7\u200921.02[6]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 16,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Airplanes and Airports<\/span>, \u00a7\u200916.10[5]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.104[23]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-oj7dh-8d5714a2b7242c354a76702c69b36a19 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m6hzp-d6a5d7a485d2de091575ebc5b6160eb6\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-m6hzp-d6a5d7a485d2de091575ebc5b6160eb6 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m6hzp-d6a5d7a485d2de091575ebc5b6160eb6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-805","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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