{"id":807,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=807"},"modified":"2022-05-03T17:32:19","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T17:32:19","slug":"caci-1244-affirmative-defense-sophisticated-user","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1244-affirmative-defense-sophisticated-user\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1244 Affirmative Defense\u2014Sophisticated User"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6vz9it-525a4546f93cfba2e29db49858d576d2\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku6vz9it-525a4546f93cfba2e29db49858d576d2{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku6vz9it-525a4546f93cfba2e29db49858d576d2 .av-special-heading-tag 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku6w0c6u-535b0938e459fb4865938ae098ea357d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku6w0c6u-535b0938e459fb4865938ae098ea357d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku6w0c6u-535b0938e459fb4865938ae098ea357d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1244\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Sophisticated User<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] is not responsible for any harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] based on a failure to warn because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is a sophisticated user of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove that, at the time of the injury, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], because of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] particular position, training, experience, knowledge, or skill, knew or should have known of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s risk, harm, or danger. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New October 2008; Revised December 2014 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction as a defense to\u00a0CACI No. 1205,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability\u2014Failure to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements,<\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0CACI No. 1222,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Manufacturer or Supplier\u2014Duty to Warn\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, it may be necessary to expand this instruction to state that the plaintiff knew or should have known of the particular risk posed by the product, of the severity of the potential consequences, and how to use the product to reduce or avoid the risks, to the extent that information was known to the defendant. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Buckner v. Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 522, 536 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 202].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA manufacturer is not liable to a sophisticated user of its product for failure to warn of a risk, harm, or danger, if the sophisticated user knew or should have known of that risk, harm, or danger.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson v. American Standard, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 43 Cal.4th 56, 71 [74 Cal.Rptr.3d 108, 179 P.3d 905].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe sophisticated user defense exempts manufacturers from their typical obligation to provide product users with warnings about the products\u2019 potential hazards. The defense is considered an exception to the manufacturer\u2019s general duty to warn consumers, and therefore, in most jurisdictions, if successfully argued, acts as an affirmative defense to negate the manufacturer\u2019s duty to warn.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra,<\/span>\u00a043 Cal.4th at p. 65, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the sophisticated user defense, sophisticated users need not be warned about dangers of which they are already aware or should be aware. Because these sophisticated users are charged with knowing the particular product\u2019s dangers, the failure to warn about those dangers is not the legal cause of any harm that product may cause. The rationale supporting the defense is that \u2018the failure to provide warnings about risks already known to a sophisticated purchaser usually is not a proximate cause of harm resulting from those risks suffered by the buyer\u2019s employees or downstream purchasers.\u2019 This is because the user\u2019s knowledge of the dangers is the equivalent of prior notice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra,<\/span>\u00a043 Cal.4th at p. 65, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he defense applies equally to strict liability and negligent failure to warn cases. The duty to warn is measured by what is generally known or should have been known to the class of sophisticated users, rather than by the individual plaintiff\u2019s subjective knowledge.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra,<\/span>\u00a043 Cal.4th at pp. 65\u201366, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] manufacturer is not liable to a sophisticated user for failure to warn, even if the failure to warn is a failure to provide a warning required by statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson v. Honeywell Internat. Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 549, 556 [101 Cal.Rptr.3d 726].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe sophisticated user defense concerns warnings. Sophisticated users \u2018are charged with knowing the particular product\u2019s dangers.\u2019 \u2018The rationale supporting the defense is that \u201cthe failure to provide warnings about risks already known to a sophisticated purchaser usually is not a proximate cause of harm resulting from those risks suffered by the buyer\u2019s employees or downstream purchasers.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019 [\u00b6] [Plaintiff]\u2019s design defect cause of action was not concerned with warnings. Instead, he alleged that respondents\u2019 design of their refrigerant was defective. We see no logical reason why a defense that is based on the need for warning should apply.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra<\/span>, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 559, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe relevant time for determining user sophistication for purposes of this exception to a manufacturer\u2019s duty to warn is when the sophisticated user is injured and knew or should have known of the risk.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson, supra,<\/span>\u00a043 Cal.4th at p. 73.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson<\/span>\u00a0did not impute an intermediary\u2019s knowledge to the plaintiff, or charge him with any knowledge except that which had been made available to him through his training and which, by reason of his profession and certification, he should have had. In contrast, [defendant]\u2019s proposed instruction is not based on the theory that [plaintiff] had the opportunity to acquire any knowledge of the dangers of asbestos, let alone the obligation to do so. Instead, it contends that its customers \u2026 knew or should have known (from public sources) of the dangers of asbestos, and that its duty to warn [plaintiff] is measured by the knowledge [the customers] should have had. It is apparent that such a theory has nothing to do with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Johnson<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stewart v. Union Carbide Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 23, 28\u201329 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d 791].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThus, in actions by employees or servants, the critical issue concerns their knowledge (or potential knowledge), rather than an intermediary\u2019s sophistication. [\u00b6] This conclusion flows directly from [Restatement Third of Torts] section 388 itself. Under section 388, a supplier of a dangerous item to users \u2018directly or through a third person\u2019 is subject to liability for a failure to warn, when the supplier \u2018has no reason to believe that those for whose use the [item] is supplied will realize its dangerous condition.\u2019 Accordingly, to avoid liability, there must be some basis for the supplier to believe that the ultimate user knows, or should know, of the item\u2019s hazards. In view of this requirement, the intermediary\u2019s sophistication is not, as matter of law, sufficient to avert liability; there must be a sufficient reason for believing that the intermediary\u2019s sophistication is likely to operate to protect the user, or that the user is likely to discover the hazards in some other manner. The fact that the user is an employee or servant of the sophisticated intermediary cannot plausibly be regarded as a sufficient reason, as a matter of law, to infer that the latter will protect the former. We therefore reject [defendant]\u2019s contention that an intermediary\u2019s sophistication invariably shields suppliers from liability to the intermediary\u2019s employees or servants.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pfeifer v. John Crane, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1296\u20131297 [164 Cal.Rptr.3d 112].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to establish the defense, a manufacturer must demonstrate that sophisticated users of the product know what the risks are, including the degree of danger involved (i.e., the severity of the potential injury), and how to use the product to reduce or avoid the risks, to the extent that information is known to the manufacturer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Buckner, supra,<\/span>\u00a0222 Cal.App.4th at p. 536.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Under the \u201cshould have known\u201d standard there will be some users who were actually unaware of the dangers. However, the same could be said of the currently accepted obvious danger rule; obvious dangers are obvious to most, but are not obvious to absolutely everyone. The obvious danger rule is an objective test, and the courts do not inquire into the user\u2019s subjective knowledge in such a case. In other words, even if a user was truly unaware of a product\u2019s hazards, that fact is irrelevant if the danger was objectively obvious. [Citations.] Thus, under the sophisticated user defense, the inquiry focuses on whether the plaintiff knew, or should have known, of the particular risk of harm from the product giving rise to the injury.\u2019 [Citation]\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Moran v. Foster Wheeler Energy Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 500, 511 [200 Cal.Rptr.3d 902].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]peculation about a risk does not give rise to constructive\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">knowledge<\/span>\u00a0of a risk under the \u2018should have known\u2019 test.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Scott v. Ford Motor Co<\/span>. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1492, 1501 [169 Cal.Rptr.3d 823], original italics.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091631, 1703, 1708\u20131709<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability For Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092:1277 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 460,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009460.185\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 190,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Products Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009190.246\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-r3hwn-9cc44cb92c70437f0a8e6a4a567c9bd4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-nr1hj-ae686d787e0e608ba0f50429c7d6f76a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-nr1hj-ae686d787e0e608ba0f50429c7d6f76a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-nr1hj-ae686d787e0e608ba0f50429c7d6f76a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-807","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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