{"id":937,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=937"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:15:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:15:51","slug":"caci-1623-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-fear-of-cancer-hiv-or-aids-malicious-oppressive-or-fraudulent-conduct-ess","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1623-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-fear-of-cancer-hiv-or-aids-malicious-oppressive-or-fraudulent-conduct-ess\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1623 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7ulzty-66307e09d1c2fa2d0a06f8575bc80ec2\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7ulzty-66307e09d1c2fa2d0a06f8575bc80ec2{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7ulzty-66307e09d1c2fa2d0a06f8575bc80ec2 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7ulzty-66307e09d1c2fa2d0a06f8575bc80ec2 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7ulzty-66307e09d1c2fa2d0a06f8575bc80ec2 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1623 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7una16-eb47c63fe940b4761e551e5a387ba0ee\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7una16-eb47c63fe940b4761e551e5a387ba0ee .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7una16-eb47c63fe940b4761e551e5a387ba0ee '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1623\u00a0Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted with [malice\/oppression\/fraudulent intent] in exposing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert applicable carcinogen, toxic substance, HIV, or AIDS<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and that this conduct caused [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to suffer serious emotional distress. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was exposed to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert applicable carcinogen, toxic substance, HIV, or AIDS<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] as a result of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligent conduct;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted with [malice\/oppression\/fraudulent intent] because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert one or more of the following, as applicable<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intended to cause injury to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was despicable and was carried out with a willful or conscious disregard of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s rights or safety;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was despicable and subjected [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s rights;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intentionally misrepresented or concealed a material fact known to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], intending to cause [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] harm;]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered serious emotional distress from a fear that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] will develop [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert applicable cancer, HIV, or AIDS<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] as a result of the exposure;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That reliable medical or scientific opinion confirms that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s risk of developing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert applicable cancer, HIV, or AIDS<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was significantly increased by the exposure and has resulted in an actual risk that is significant; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s serious emotional distress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Emotional distress includes suffering, anguish, fright, horror, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, humiliation, and shame. Serious emotional distress exists if an ordinary, reasonable person would be unable to cope with it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\u201cDespicable conduct\u201d is conduct that is so mean, vile, base, or contemptible that it would be looked down on and despised by reasonable people. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2014, December 2014 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use this instruction in a negligence case if the only damages sought are for emotional distress. There is no separate tort or cause of action for \u201cnegligent infliction of emotional distress.\u201d The doctrine is one that allows certain persons to recover damages for emotional distress only on a negligence cause of action even though they were not otherwise currently injured or harmed. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 928 [167 Cal.Rptr. 831, 616 P.2d 813].)<\/p>\n<p>Recovery for emotional distress without other current harm or injury is allowed for negligent exposure to a disease-causing substance. If the plaintiff can prove oppression, fraud, or malice, it is not necessary to establish that it is more likely than not that the plaintiff will contract the disease. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 6 Cal.4th 965, 998 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 550, 863 P.2d 795.) Use\u00a0CACI No. 1622,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, if plaintiff alleges exposure without oppression, fraud, or malice.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction should be read in conjunction with either\u00a0CACI No.\u2002401,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Basic Standard of Care<\/span>, or\u00a0CACI No.\u2002418,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Presumption of Negligence per se<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOppression, fraud, or malice\u201d is used here as defined by\u00a0Civil Code section 3294, except that the higher \u201cclear and convincing\u201d burden of proof is not required in this context. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter, supra,<\/span>\u00a06 Cal.4th at p. 1000.)<\/p>\n<p>In some cases the judge should make clear that the defendant does not need to have known of the individual plaintiff where there is a broad exposure and plaintiff is a member of the class that was exposed.<\/p>\n<p>The explanation in the next-to-last paragraph of what constitutes \u201cserious\u201d emotional distress comes from the California Supreme Court. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at p. 928.) In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>, an appellate court subsequently held that serious emotional distress from negligence without other injury is the same as \u201csevere\u201d emotional distress for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1378 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d 747].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Punitive Damages: Malice, Oppression, and Fraud Defined.\u00a0Civil Code section 3294(c).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[D]amages for negligently inflicted emotional distress may be recovered in the absence of physical injury or impact\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.4th at p. 986.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] toxic exposure plaintiff need not meet the more likely than not threshold for fear of cancer recovery in a negligence action if the plaintiff pleads and proves that the defendant\u2019s conduct in causing the exposure amounts to \u2018oppression, fraud, or malice\u2019 as defined in\u00a0Civil Code section 3294.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter, supra,<\/span>\u00a06 Cal.4th at p. 998.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]erious mental distress may be found where a reasonable man, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with the mental stress engendered by the circumstances of the case.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien, supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at pp. 927\u2013928.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]amages for fear of cancer may be recovered only if the plaintiff pleads and proves that (1) as a result of the defendant\u2019s negligent breach of a duty owed to the plaintiff, the plaintiff is exposed to a toxic substance which threatens cancer; and (2) the plaintiff\u2019s fear stems from a knowledge, corroborated by reliable medical or scientific opinion, that it is more likely than not that the plaintiff will develop the cancer in the future due to the toxic exposure.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.4th at p. 997.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn our view, this articulation of \u2018serious emotional distress\u2019 is functionally the same as the articulation of \u2018severe emotional distress\u2019 [as required for intentional infliction of emotional distress]. Indeed, given the meaning of both phrases, we can perceive no material distinction between them and can conceive of no reason why either would, or should, describe a greater or lesser degree of emotional distress than the other for purposes of establishing a tort claim seeking damages for such an injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1378.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAll of the policy concerns expressed in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter<\/span>\u00a0apply with equal force in the fear of AIDS context.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerins v. Hartley<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1062, 1074 [33 Cal.Rptr.2d 172].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Plaintiff parent] claims the likelihood of actual injury to [child] is immaterial and that, in short, the rule announced in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter<\/span>\u00a0regarding fear of cancer should not be applied to a case involving fear of AIDS. We disagree.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Herbert v. Regents of University of California<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 782, 786 [31 Cal.Rptr.2d 709].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDespicable conduct is conduct which is so vile, base, contemptible, miserable, wretched or loathsome that it would be looked down upon and despised by ordinary decent people.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mock v. Mich. Millers Mut. Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 306, 331 [5 Cal.Rptr.2d 594].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUsed in its ordinary sense, the adjective \u2018despicable\u2019 is a powerful term that refers to circumstances that are \u2018base,\u2019 \u2018vile,\u2019 or \u2018contemptible.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">College Hospital, Inc. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal.4th 704, 725 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 898, 882 P.2d 894].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 3294\u00a0requires a plaintiff to prove oppression, fraud, or malice by \u2018clear and convincing evidence\u2019 for purposes of punitive damages recovery. We decline to impose this stringent burden of proof for recovery of fear of cancer damages in negligence cases for two reasons. First, we have already adopted strict limitations on the availability of damages for negligently inflicted fear of cancer; an additional hurdle at this point is unnecessary for public policy purposes. Second, to recover compensatory damages in an action for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff need only prove the fact that a defendant intentionally inflicted such distress by a preponderance of the evidence. It is therefore both logical and consistent to utilize the same burden of proof for recovery of compensatory damages when a defendant has acted with \u2018oppression, fraud or malice\u2019 to negligently inflict emotional distress.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.4th at p. 1000, fn. 20.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hen a defendant demonstrates that a plaintiff\u2019s smoking is negligent and that a portion of the plaintiff\u2019s fear of developing cancer is attributable to the smoking, comparative fault principles may be applied in determining the extent to which the plaintiff\u2019s emotional distress damages for such fear should be reduced to reflect the proportion of such damages for which the plaintiff should properly bear the responsibility.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Potter, supra<\/span>, 6 Cal.4th at p. 1011.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091174<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 3-C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Specific Items Of Compensatory Damages<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20093:881\u20133:883 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u20095.02\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>32\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 362,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009362.11[3][c]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 153,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009153.38\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-szbd5-4ed4f6fa3822519080b89ab0129bc03a hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lens1-274c97968ff8c286d670847a28bbc69f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-lens1-274c97968ff8c286d670847a28bbc69f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lens1-274c97968ff8c286d670847a28bbc69f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-937","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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