{"id":939,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=939"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:14:10","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:14:10","slug":"caci-1621-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-bystander-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1621-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-bystander-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1621 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Bystander\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7uici5-af93a3680bf5d69b1f49578ce242923e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7uici5-af93a3680bf5d69b1f49578ce242923e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7uici5-af93a3680bf5d69b1f49578ce242923e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7uici5-af93a3680bf5d69b1f49578ce242923e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7uici5-af93a3680bf5d69b1f49578ce242923e av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1621 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Bystander\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7ujiji-01939e83d8534272b08b00fc9de5b2e0\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7ujiji-01939e83d8534272b08b00fc9de5b2e0 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7ujiji-01939e83d8534272b08b00fc9de5b2e0 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1621\u00a0Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Bystander\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered serious emotional distress as a result of perceiving [an injury to\/the death of] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of victim<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] negligently caused [injury to\/the death of] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of victim<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That when the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">describe event, e.g., traffic accident<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that caused [<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">injury to\/the death of<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of victim<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] occurred, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was present at the scene;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was then aware that the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., traffic accident<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">injury to\/the death of<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of victim<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered serious emotional distress; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s serious emotional distress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] need not have been then aware that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had caused the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., traffic accident<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Emotional distress includes suffering, anguish, fright, horror, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, humiliation, and shame. Serious emotional distress exists if an ordinary, reasonable person would be unable to cope with it. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2013, June 2014, December 2014, December 2015 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use this instruction in a negligence case if the only damages sought are for emotional distress. The doctrine of \u201cnegligent infliction of emotional distress\u201d is not a separate tort or cause of action. It simply allows certain persons to recover damages for emotional distress only on a negligence cause of action even though they were not otherwise injured or harmed. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 928 [167 Cal.Rptr. 831, 616 P.2d 813].)<\/p>\n<p>A \u201cbystander\u201d case is one in which a plaintiff seeks recovery for damages for emotional distress suffered as a percipient witness of an injury to another person. If the plaintiff is a direct victim of tortious conduct, use\u00a0CACI No. 1620,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Direct Victim\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>. For instructions for use for emotional distress arising from exposure to carcinogens, HIV, or AIDS, see\u00a0CACI No. 1622,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 1623,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction should be read in conjunction with instructions in the Negligence series (see\u00a0CACI No. 400\u00a0et seq.) to further develop element 1.<\/p>\n<p>Whether the plaintiff had a sufficiently close relationship with the victim should be determined as an issue of law because it is integral to the determination of whether a duty was owed to the plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>There is some uncertainty as to how the \u201cevent\u201d should be defined in element 2 and then just exactly what the plaintiff must perceive in element 3. When the event is something dramatic and visible, such as a traffic accident or a fire, it would seem that the plaintiff need not know anything about why the event occurred. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilks v. Hom<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1264, 1271 [3 Cal.Rptr.2d 803].) And the California Supreme Court has stated that the bystander plaintiff need not contemporaneously understand the defendant\u2019s conduct as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">negligent<\/span>, as opposed to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">harmful<\/span>. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bird v. Saenz<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 28 Cal.4th 910, 920 [123 Cal.Rptr.2d 465, 51 P.3d 324], original italics.)<\/p>\n<p>But what constitutes perception of the event is less clear when the victim is clearly in observable distress, but the cause of that distress may not be observable. It has been held that the manufacture of a defective product is the event, which is not observable, despite the fact that the result was observable distress resulting in death. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fortman v. F\u00f6rvaltningsbolaget Insulan AB<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 830, 843\u2013844 [151 Cal.Rptr.3d 320].) In another observable-distress case, medical negligence that led to distress resulting in death was found to be perceivable because the relatives who were present observed the decedent\u2019s acute respiratory distress and were aware that defendant\u2019s\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">inadequate<\/span>\u00a0response caused her death. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keys v. Alta Bates Summit Medical Center<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 484, 489\u2013490 [185 Cal.Rptr.3d 313], emphasis added.) It might be argued that observable distress is the event and that the bystanders need not perceive anything about the cause of the distress. However, these cases indicate that is not the standard. But if it is not necessary to comprehend that negligence is causing the distress, it is not clear what it is that the bystander must perceive in element 3. Because of this uncertainty, the Advisory Committee has elected not to try to express element 3 any more specifically.<\/p>\n<p>The explanation in the last paragraph of what constitutes \u201cserious\u201d emotional distress comes from the California Supreme Court. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at p. 928.) In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>, an appellate court subsequently held that serious emotional distress from negligence without other injury is the same as \u201csevere\u201d emotional distress for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1378 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d 747]; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keys, supra<\/span>, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 491\u00a0[finding last sentence of this instruction to be a correct description of the distress required].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia\u2019s rule that plaintiff\u2019s fear for his own safety is compensable also presents a strong argument for the same rule as to fear for others; otherwise, some plaintiffs will falsely claim to have feared for themselves, and the honest parties unwilling to do so will be penalized. Moreover, it is incongruous and somewhat revolting to sanction recovery for the mother if she suffers shock from fear for her own safety and to deny it for shock from the witnessed death of her own daughter.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Dillon v. Legg<\/span>\u00a0(1968) 68 Cal.2d 728, 738, fn. 4 [69 Cal.Rptr. 72, 441 P.2d 912].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs an introductory note, we observe that plaintiffs \u2026 framed both negligence and negligent infliction of emotional distress causes of action. To be precise, however, \u2018the [only] tort with which we are concerned is negligence. Negligent infliction of emotional distress is not an independent tort\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Catsouras v. Department of California Highway Patrol<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 856, 875\u2013876 [104 Cal.Rptr.3d 352].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn the absence of physical injury or impact to the plaintiff himself, damages for emotional distress should be recoverable only if the plaintiff: (1) is closely related to the injury victim, (2) is present at the scene of the injury-producing event at the time it occurs and is then aware that it is causing injury to the victim and, (3) as a result suffers emotional distress beyond that which would be anticipated in a disinterested witness.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing v. La Chusa<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 48 Cal.3d 644, 647 [257 Cal.Rptr. 865, 771 P.2d 814].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o satisfy the second\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing<\/span>\u00a0requirement the plaintiff must experience a contemporaneous sensory awareness of the causal connection between the defendant\u2019s infliction of harm and the injuries suffered by the close relative.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fortman, supra,<\/span>\u00a0212 Cal.App.4th at p. 836.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] plaintiff need not contemporaneously understand the defendant\u2019s conduct as\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">negligent<\/span>, as opposed to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">harmful<\/span>. But the court confused awareness of negligence, a legal conclusion, with contemporaneous, understanding awareness of the event as causing harm to the victim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bird, supra,<\/span>\u00a028 Cal.4th at p. 920.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bird<\/span>\u00a0does not categorically bar plaintiffs who witness acts of medical negligence from pursuing NIED claims. \u2018This is not to say that a layperson can never perceive medical negligence or that one who does perceive it cannot assert a valid claim for NIED.\u2019 Particularly, a NIED claim may arise when \u2026 caregivers fail \u2018to respond significantly to symptoms obviously requiring immediate medical attention.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keys, supra<\/span>, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 489.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe injury-producing event here was defendant\u2019s lack of acuity and response to [decedent]\u2019s inability to breathe, a condition the plaintiffs observed and were aware was causing her injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keys, supra<\/span>, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 490.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing<\/span>\u00a0does not require that the plaintiff have an awareness of what caused the injury-producing event, but the plaintiff must have an understanding perception of the \u2018event as causing harm to the victim.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fortman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 841, fn. 4.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e also reject [plaintiff]\u2019s attempt to expand bystander recovery to hold a product manufacturer strictly liable for emotional distress when the plaintiff observes injuries sustained by a close relative arising from an unobservable product failure. To do so would eviscerate the second\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing<\/span>\u00a0requirement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fortman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 212 Cal.App.4th at pp. 843\u2013844.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAbsent exceptional circumstances, recovery should be limited to relatives residing in the same household, or parents, siblings, children, and grandparents of the victim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing, supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.3d at p. 668, fn. 10.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]n unmarried cohabitant may not recover damages for emotional distress based on such injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elden v. Sheldon<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 46 Cal.3d 267, 273 [250 Cal.Rptr. 254, 758 P.2d 582].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough a plaintiff may establish presence at the scene through nonvisual sensory perception, \u2018someone who hears an accident but does not then know it is causing injury to a relative does not have a viable [bystander] claim for [negligent infliction of emotional distress], even if the missing knowledge is acquired moments later.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ra v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 142, 149 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 539], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is not necessary that a plaintiff bystander actually have witnessed the infliction of injury to her child, provided that the plaintiff was at the scene of the accident and was sensorially aware, in some important way, of the accident and the necessarily inflicted injury to her child.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilks, supra,<\/span>\u00a02 Cal.App.4th at p. 1271.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]erious mental distress may be found where a reasonable man, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with the mental stress engendered by the circumstances of the case.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien, supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at pp. 927\u2013928.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn our view, this articulation of \u2018serious emotional distress\u2019 is functionally the same as the articulation of \u2018severe emotional distress\u2019 [as required for intentional infliction of emotional distress]. Indeed, given the meaning of both phrases, we can perceive no material distinction between them and can conceive of no reason why either would, or should, describe a greater or lesser degree of emotional distress than the other for purposes of establishing a tort claim seeking damages for such an injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1378.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe have no reason to question the jury\u2019s conclusion that [plaintiffs] suffered serious emotional distress as a result of watching [decedent]\u2019s struggle to breathe that led to her death. The jury was properly instructed, as explained in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thing<\/span>, that \u2018[s]erious emotional distress exists if an ordinary, reasonable person would be unable to cope with it.\u2019 The instructions clarify that \u2018Emotional distress includes suffering, anguish, fright,\u2009\u2026 nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock \u2026\u2009.\u2019 Viewed through this lens there is no question that [plaintiffs\u2019] testimony provides sufficient proof of serious emotional distress.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keys, supra<\/span>, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 491, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here a participant in a sport has expressly assumed the risk of injury from a defendant\u2019s conduct, the defendant no longer owes a duty of care to bystanders with respect to the risk expressly assumed by the participant. The defendant can therefore assert the participant\u2019s express assumption of the risk against the bystanders\u2019 NIED claims.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eriksson v. Nunnink<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 708, 731 [183 Cal.Rptr.3d 234].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091144\u20131158<\/div>\n<div>Croskey et al., California Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation, Ch. 11-F,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligent Infliction Of Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00b6\u200911:101 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u20095.04\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>32\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 362,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009362.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 153<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">, Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009153.31 et seq., 153.45 et seq. (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-pci9f-32d35f81563f52cfc6c9a1a51897c56b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jt73v-8a7dc04787398ef8398f3d979766ef5f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jt73v-8a7dc04787398ef8398f3d979766ef5f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jt73v-8a7dc04787398ef8398f3d979766ef5f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-939","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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