{"id":940,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=940"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:13:24","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:13:24","slug":"caci-1620-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-direct-victim-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1620-negligence-recovery-of-damages-for-emotional-distress-no-physical-injury-direct-victim-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1620 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Direct Victim\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7ugx29-31b4aae33dfb4141005c27ca99ab4421\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7ugx29-31b4aae33dfb4141005c27ca99ab4421{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7ugx29-31b4aae33dfb4141005c27ca99ab4421 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7ugx29-31b4aae33dfb4141005c27ca99ab4421 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7ugx29-31b4aae33dfb4141005c27ca99ab4421 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1620 Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Direct Victim\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b 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0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7uhzhy-199dc390dce347117fe79078b4c75362\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7uhzhy-199dc390dce347117fe79078b4c75362 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7uhzhy-199dc390dce347117fe79078b4c75362 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1620\u00a0Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Direct Victim\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct caused [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to suffer serious emotional distress. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was negligent;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered serious emotional distress; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligence was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s serious emotional distress.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Emotional distress includes suffering, anguish, fright, horror, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, humiliation, and shame. Serious emotional distress exists if an ordinary, reasonable person would be unable to cope with it. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2014, December 2014 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use this instruction in a negligence case if the only damages sought are for emotional distress. The doctrine of \u201cnegligent infliction of emotional distress\u201d is not a separate tort or cause of action. It simply allows certain persons to recover damages for emotional distress only on a negligence cause of action even though they were not otherwise injured or harmed. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 928 [167 Cal.Rptr. 831, 616 P.2d 813].)<\/p>\n<p>A \u201cdirect victim\u201d case is one in which the plaintiff\u2019s claim of emotional distress is based on the violation of a duty that the defendant owes directly to the plaintiff. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 182, 205 [147 Cal.Rptr.3d 41].) The California Supreme Court has allowed plaintiffs to recover damages as \u201cdirect victims\u201d in only three types of factual situations: (1) the negligent mishandling of corpses (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Christensen v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 54 Cal.3d 868, 879 [2 Cal.Rptr.2d 79, 820 P.2d 181]); (2) the negligent misdiagnosis of a disease that could potentially harm another (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien, supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at p. 923); and (3) the negligent breach of a duty arising out of a preexisting relationship (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Burgess v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 2 Cal.4th 1064, 1076 [9 Cal.Rptr.2d 615, 831 P.2d 1197]).<\/p>\n<p>The judge will normally decide whether a duty was owed to the plaintiff as a direct victim. If the issue of whether the plaintiff is a direct victim is contested, a special instruction with the factual dispute laid out for the jury will need to be drafted.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction should be read in conjunction with either\u00a0CACI No.\u2002401,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Basic Standard of Care<\/span>, or\u00a0CACI No.\u2002418,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Presumption of Negligence per se<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If the plaintiff witnesses the injury of another, use\u00a0CACI No. 1621,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Bystander\u2014Essential Factual Elements.<\/span>\u00a0For instructions for use for emotional distress arising from exposure to carcinogens, HIV, or AIDS, see\u00a0CACI No. 1622,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 1623,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress\u2014No Physical Injury\u2014Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS\u2014Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Elements 1 and 3 of this instruction could be modified for use in a strict products liability case. A plaintiff may seek damages for the emotional shock of viewing the injuries of another when the incident is caused by defendant\u2019s defective product. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kately v. Wilkinson<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 576, 587 [195 Cal.Rptr. 902].)<\/p>\n<p>The explanation in the last paragraph of what constitutes \u201cserious\u201d emotional distress comes from the California Supreme Court. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.3d at p. 928.) In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>, an appellate court subsequently held that serious emotional distress from negligence without other injury is the same as \u201csevere\u201d emotional distress for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong v. Jing<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1378 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d 747].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[The] negligent causing of emotional distress is not an independent tort but the tort of negligence \u2026\u2009.\u2019 \u2018The traditional elements of duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages apply. Whether a defendant owes a duty of care is a question of law. Its existence depends upon the foreseeability of the risk and upon a weighing of policy considerations for and against imposition of liability.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marlene F. v. Affiliated Psychiatric Medical Clinic, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 48 Cal.3d 583, 588 [257 Cal.Rptr. 98, 770 P.2d 278], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Direct victim\u2019 cases are cases in which the plaintiff\u2019s claim of emotional distress is not based upon witnessing an injury to someone else, but rather is based upon the violation of a duty owed directly to the plaintiff.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ragland, supra<\/span>, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 205.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]uty is found where the plaintiff is a \u2018direct victim,\u2019 in that the emotional distress damages result from a duty owed the plaintiff \u2018that is \u201cassumed by the defendant or imposed on the defendant as a matter of law, or that arises out of a relationship between the two.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McMahon v. Craig<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1502, 1510 [97 Cal.Rptr.3d 555].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe agree that the unqualified requirement of physical injury is no longer justifiable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien, supra,<\/span>\u00a027 Cal.3d at p. 928.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]erious mental distress may be found where a reasonable man, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with the mental stress engendered by the circumstances of the case.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien, supra,<\/span>\u00a027 Cal.3d at pp. 927\u2013928.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn our view, this articulation of \u2018serious emotional distress\u2019 is functionally the same as the articulation of \u2018severe emotional distress\u2019 [as required for intentional infliction of emotional distress]. Indeed, given the meaning of both phrases, we can perceive no material distinction between them and can conceive of no reason why either would, or should, describe a greater or lesser degree of emotional distress than the other for purposes of establishing a tort claim seeking damages for such an injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wong<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1378.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091138 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 3-C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Specific Items Of Compensatory Damages<\/span>, \u00b6\u20093:899 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u20095.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>32\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 362,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009362.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 153<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">, Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009153.31 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-pvbqc-05d2c835e873b75118cb55a2123f0f39 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jkcfo-e26dabd368b4c6df8d6885e1f6aadf55\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jkcfo-e26dabd368b4c6df8d6885e1f6aadf55 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jkcfo-e26dabd368b4c6df8d6885e1f6aadf55 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-940","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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