{"id":966,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:52","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=966"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:26:56","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:26:56","slug":"caci-1707-fact-versus-opinion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1707-fact-versus-opinion\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1707 Fact Versus Opinion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7v9iv0-84c04a13b2034e64a844028a14f30795\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7v9iv0-84c04a13b2034e64a844028a14f30795{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7v9iv0-84c04a13b2034e64a844028a14f30795 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7v9iv0-84c04a13b2034e64a844028a14f30795 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data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7v9r3y-00b638b02ef538d55cd23c8a6bebde99\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7v9r3y-00b638b02ef538d55cd23c8a6bebde99 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7v9r3y-00b638b02ef538d55cd23c8a6bebde99 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1707\u00a0Fact Versus Opinion<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">For [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to recover, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s statement(s) must have been [a] statement(s) of fact, not opinion. A statement of fact is one that can be proved to be true or false. In some circumstances, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may recover if a statement phrased as an opinion implies that a false statement of fact is true.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding this issue, you should consider whether the average [reader\/listener] would conclude from the language of the statement and its context that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was implying that a false statement of fact is true. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2013 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction only if the court concludes that a statement could reasonably be construed as implying a false assertion of fact. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Campanelli v. Regents of Univ. of Cal.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 572, 578 [51 Cal.Rptr.2d 891].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Because [a defamatory] statement must contain a provable falsehood, courts distinguish between statements of fact and statements of opinion for purposes of defamation liability. Although statements of fact may be actionable as libel, statements of opinion are constitutionally protected. [Citation.]\u2019 That does not mean that statements of opinion enjoy blanket protection. On the contrary, where an expression of opinion implies a false assertion of fact, the opinion can constitute actionable defamation. The \u2018crucial question of whether challenged statements convey the requisite factual imputation is ordinarily a question of law for the court. [Citation.]\u2019 \u2018Only once the court has determined that a statement is reasonably susceptible to such a defamatory interpretation does it become a question for the trier of fact whether or not it was so understood. [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Summit Bank v. Rogers<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 669, 695\u2013696 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 40], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018In determining whether a statement is libelous we look to what is explicitly stated as well as what insinuation and implication can be reasonably drawn from the communication.\u2019\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018[I]f the defendant juxtaposes [a] series of facts so as to imply a defamatory connection between them, or [otherwise] creates a defamatory implication \u2026 he may be held responsible for the defamatory implication,\u2009\u2026 even though the particular facts are correct.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 The \u2018pertinent question\u2019 is whether a \u2018reasonable fact finder\u2019 could conclude that the statements \u2018as a whole, or any of its parts, directly made or sufficiently implied a false assertion of defamatory fact that tended to injure\u2019 plaintiff\u2019s reputation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Issa v. Applegate<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 689, 703 [242 Cal.Rptr.3d 809], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn defining libel and slander,\u00a0Civil Code sections 45\u00a0and\u00a046\u00a0both refer to a \u2018false \u2026 publication\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019 This statutory definition can be meaningfully applied only to statements that are capable of being proved as false or true.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Savage v. Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 434, 445 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 305].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThus, \u2018rhetorical hyperbole,\u2019 \u2018vigorous epithet[s],\u2019 \u2018lusty and imaginative expressions[s] of \u2026 contempt,\u2019 and language used \u2018in a loose, figurative sense\u2019 have all been accorded constitutional protection.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ferlauto v. Hamsher<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1394, 1401 [88 Cal.Rptr.2d 843].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDeprecatory statements regarding the merits of litigation are \u201cnothing more than \u2018the predictable opinion\u2019 of one side to the lawsuit\u201d and cannot be the basis for a defamation claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">GetFugu, Inc. v. Patton Boggs LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 141, 156 [162 Cal.Rptr.3d 831].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf a speaker says, \u2018In my opinion John Jones is a liar,\u2019 he implies a knowledge of facts which lead to the conclusion that Jones told an untruth. Even if the speaker states the facts upon which he bases his opinion, if those facts are either incorrect or incomplete, or if his assessment of them is erroneous, the statement may still imply a false assertion of fact.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 497 U.S. 1, 18 [110 S.Ct. 2695, 111 L.Ed.2d 1].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hen a communication identifies non-defamatory facts underlying an opinion, or the recipient is otherwise aware of those facts, a negative statement of opinion is not defamatory. As explained in the Restatement Second of Torts, a \u2018pure type of expression of opinion\u2019 occurs \u2018when both parties to the communication know the facts or assume their existence and the comment is clearly based on those assumed facts and does not imply the existence of other facts in order to justify the comment. The assumption of the facts may come about because someone else has stated them or because they were assumed by both parties as a result of their notoriety or otherwise.\u2019 Actionable statements of opinion are \u2018the mixed type, [where] an opinion in form or context, is apparently based on facts regarding the plaintiff or his conduct that have not been stated by the defendant [but] gives rise to the inference that there are undisclosed facts that justify the forming of the opinion.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">John Doe 2 v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 1300, 1314 [206 Cal.Rptr.3d 60], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEven if an opinion can be understood as implying facts capable of being proved true or false, however, it is not actionable if it also discloses the underlying factual bases for the opinion and those statements are true.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">J-M Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Phillips &amp; Cohen LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 87, 100 [201 Cal.Rptr.3d 782].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia courts have developed a \u2018totality of the circumstances\u2019 test to determine whether an alleged defamatory statement is one of fact or of opinion. First, the language of the statement is examined. For words to be defamatory, they must be understood in a defamatory sense. Where the language of the statement is \u2018cautiously phrased in terms of apparency,\u2019 the statement is less likely to be reasonably understood as a statement of fact rather than opinion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Baker v. Los Angeles Herald Examiner<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 42 Cal.3d 254, 260 [228 Cal.Rptr. 206, 721 P.2d 87].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe court must put itself in the place of an average reader and decide the natural and probable effect of the statement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hofmann Co. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemors &amp; Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 390, 398 [248 Cal.Rptr. 384].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]ome statements are ambiguous and cannot be characterized as factual or nonfactual as a matter of law. \u2018In these circumstances, it is for the jury to determine whether an ordinary reader would have understood the article as a factual assertion \u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kahn v. Bower<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1599, 1608 [284 Cal.Rptr. 244], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUse of \u2018hyperbolic, informal\u2019 \u2018\u2009\u201ccrude, [or] ungrammatical\u201d language, satirical tone, [or] vituperative, \u201cjuvenile name-calling\u201d\u2009\u2019 provide support for the conclusion that offensive comments were nonactionable opinion. Similarly, overly vague statements, and \u2018\u2009\u201cgeneralized\u201d comments \u2026 \u201clack[ing] any specificity as to the time or place of\u201d alleged conduct may be a \u201cfurther signal to the reader there is no factual basis for the accusations.\u201d\u2009\u2019 On the other hand, if a statement is \u2018factually specific,\u2019 \u2018earnest\u2019, or \u2018serious\u2019 in tone, or the speaker \u2018represents himself as \u201cunbiased,\u201d\u2009\u2019 \u2018\u2009\u201chaving specialized\u201d\u2009\u2019 or \u2018\u2009\u201cfirst-hand experience,\u201d\u2009\u2019 or \u2018\u2009\u201chav[ing] personally witnessed \u2026 abhorrent behavior\u201d\u2009\u2019, this may signal the opposite, rendering the statement actionable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">ZL Technologies, Inc. v. Does 1\u20137<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 603, 624 [220 Cal.Rptr.3d 569], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether a challenged statement \u2018declares or implies a provable false assertion of fact is a question of law for the court to decide\u2009\u2026\u2009, unless the statement is susceptible of both an innocent and a libelous meaning, in which case the jury must decide how the statement was understood.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Overhill Farms, Inc. v. Lopez<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1248, 1261 [119 Cal.Rptr.3d 127].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe next turn to the broader context of his statements\u2014posting on an Internet site under an assumed user name. [Defendant] contends Internet fora are notorious as \u2018places where readers expect to see strongly worded opinions rather than objective facts,\u2019 and that \u2018anonymous, or pseudonymous,\u2019 opinions should be \u2018\u2009\u201cdiscount[ed] \u2026 accordingly.\u201d\u2009\u2019 However, the mere fact speech is broadcast across the Internet by an anonymous speaker does not ipso facto make it nonactionable opinion and immune from defamation law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bently Reserve LP v. Papaliolios<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 418, 429 [160 Cal.Rptr.3d 423], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRather, a defendant\u2019s anonymity, the name of the Internet forum, the nature, language, tone, and complete content of the remarks all are relevant.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">ZL Technologies, Inc., supra,\u00a0<\/span>13 Cal.App.5th at p. 625.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009643\u2013646<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 45,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200945.05\u201345.06\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>30\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 340,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009340.16\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>14\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 142,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander (Defamation)<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009142.86\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u2009\u200921:20\u201321:21 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-q1evy-8efb6bb653aa9934be24ebb36eb813ac hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l2rk6-3d15229420118b9f2600d2e00c4e5e33\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-l2rk6-3d15229420118b9f2600d2e00c4e5e33 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l2rk6-3d15229420118b9f2600d2e00c4e5e33 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-966","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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