{"id":972,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=972"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:23:25","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:23:25","slug":"caci-1702-defamation-per-se-essential-factual-elements-private-figure-matter-of-public-concern","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1702-defamation-per-se-essential-factual-elements-private-figure-matter-of-public-concern\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1702 Defamation per se\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure\u2014Matter of Public Concern)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7v1lz9-7301dc89290443733752a6c89ccddb9c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7v1lz9-7301dc89290443733752a6c89ccddb9c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7v1lz9-7301dc89290443733752a6c89ccddb9c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7v1lz9-7301dc89290443733752a6c89ccddb9c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7v1lz9-7301dc89290443733752a6c89ccddb9c av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1702 Defamation per se\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure\u2014Matter of Public Concern)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7v2yh0-405c20e7b57060bbddcf57ff8eef873c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7v2yh0-405c20e7b57060bbddcf57ff8eef873c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7v2yh0-405c20e7b57060bbddcf57ff8eef873c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1702\u00a0Defamation per se\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure\u2014Matter of Public Concern)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] harmed [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] by making [one or more of] the following statement(s): [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">list all claimed per se defamatory statement(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] made [one or more of] the statement(s) to [a person\/persons] other than [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [this person\/these people] reasonably understood that the statement(s) [was\/were] about [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [this person\/these people] reasonably understood the statement(s) to mean that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert ground(s) for defamation per se, e.g., \u201c[name of plaintiff] had committed a crime\u201d<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the statement(s) [was\/were] false; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] failed to use reasonable care to determine the truth or falsity of the statement(s).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Actual Damages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proved all of the above, then [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is entitled to recover [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] actual damages if [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s wrongful conduct was a substantial factor in causing any of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">a.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property, business, trade, profession, or occupation;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">b.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Expenses [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had to pay as a result of the defamatory statements;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">c.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s reputation; or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">d.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Shame, mortification, or hurt feelings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Assumed Damages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has not proved any actual damages for harm to reputation or shame, mortification, or hurt feelings but proves by clear and convincing evidence that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew the statement(s) [was\/were] false or that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had serious doubts about the truth of the statement(s), then the law assumes that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s reputation has been harmed and that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has suffered shame, mortification, or hurt feelings. Without presenting evidence of damage, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is entitled to receive compensation for this assumed harm in whatever sum you believe is reasonable. You must award at least a nominal sum, such as one dollar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Punitive Damages<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may also recover damages to punish [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] if [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves by clear and convincing evidence that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] either knew the statement(s) [was\/were] false or had serious doubts about the truth of the statement(s), and that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted with malice, oppression, or fraud.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">For specific provisions, see\u00a0CACI Nos. 3940\u20133949.<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised April 2008, October 2008, December 2009, June 2016, December 2016, January 2018 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Special verdict form\u00a0CACI No. VF-1702,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation per se (Private Figure\u2014Matter of Public Concern)<\/span>, should be used in this type of case.<\/p>\n<p>For statutes and cases on libel and slander and on the difference between defamation per se and defamation per quod, see the Sources and Authority to\u00a0CACI No. 1700,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation per se\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Public Officer\/Figure and Limited Public Figure)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Use the bracketed element 3 only if the statement is not defamatory on its face (i.e., if the judge has not determined that the statement is defamatory as a matter of law). For statutory grounds of defamation per se, see\u00a0Civil Code sections 45\u00a0(libel) and 46 (slander). Note that certain specific grounds of libel per se have been defined by case law.<\/p>\n<p>An additional element of a defamation claim is that the alleged defamatory statement is \u201cunprivileged.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hui v. Sturbaum<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1109, 1118 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 569].) If this element presents an issue for the jury, an instruction on the \u201cunprivileged\u201d element should be given.<\/p>\n<p>Under the common-interest privilege of\u00a0Civil Code section 47(c), the defendant bears the initial burden of showing facts to bring the communication within the privilege. The plaintiff then must prove that the statement was made with malice. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lundquist v. Reusser<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 1193, 1203 [31 Cal.Rptr.2d 776, 875 P.2d 1279].) If the common-interest privilege is at issue, give\u00a0CACI No. 1723,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Common Interest Privilege\u2014Malice<\/span>. The elements of\u00a0CACI No. 1723\u00a0constitute the \u201cunprivileged\u201d element of this basic claim.<\/p>\n<p>If the privilege of\u00a0Civil Code section 47(d)\u00a0for a privileged publication or broadcast is at issue, give\u00a0CACI No. 1724,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fair and True Reporting Privilege.<\/span>\u00a0(See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">J-M Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Phillips &amp; Cohen LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 87 [201 Cal.Rptr.3d 782].) If some other privilege is at issue, an additional element or instruction targeting that privilege will be required. (See, e.g.,\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200947(b);\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Argentieri v. Zuckerberg\u00a0<\/span>(2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 768, 780\u2013787 [214 Cal.Rptr.3d 358]\u00a0[litigation privilege].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDefamation is an invasion of the interest in reputation. The tort involves the intentional publication of a statement of fact that is false, unprivileged, and has a natural tendency to injure or which causes special damage.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Smith v. Maldonado<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 637, 645 [85 Cal.Rptr.2d 397].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question whether a plaintiff is a public figure is to be determined by the court, not the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stolz v. KSFM 102 FM<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 195, 203\u2013204 [35 Cal.Rptr.2d 740], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOur accommodation of the competing values at stake in defamation suits by private individuals allows the States to impose liability on the publisher or broadcaster of defamatory falsehood on a less demanding showing than that required by\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New York Times<\/span>. This conclusion is not based on a belief that the considerations which prompted the adoption of the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New York Times<\/span>\u00a0privilege for defamation of public officials and its extension to public figures are wholly inapplicable to the context of private individuals. Rather, we endorse this approach in recognition of the strong and legitimate state interest in compensating private individuals for injury to reputation. But this countervailing state interest extends no further than compensation for actual injury. For the reasons stated below, we hold that the States may not permit recovery of presumed or punitive damages, at least when liability is not based on a showing of knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1974) 418 U.S. 323, 348\u2013349 [94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[I]f the issue was being debated publicly and if it had foreseeable and substantial ramifications for nonparticipants, it was a public controversy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Copp v. Paxton<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 829, 845 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 831].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he jury was instructed that if it found that defendant published matter that was defamatory on its face and it found by clear and convincing evidence that defendant knew the statement was false or published it in reckless disregard of whether it was false, then the jury \u2018also may award plaintiff presumed general damages.\u2019 Presumed damages \u2018are those damages that necessarily result from the publication of defamatory matter and are presumed to exist. They include reasonable compensation for loss of reputation, shame, mortification, and hurt feeling. No definite standard or method of calculation is prescribed by law by which to fix reasonable compensation for presumed damages, and no evidence of actual harm is required. Nor is the opinion of any witness required as to the amount of such reasonable compensation. In making an award for presumed damages, you shall exercise your authority with calm and reasonable judgment and the damages you fix shall be just and reasonable in the light of the evidence. You may in the exercise of your discretion award nominal damages only, namely an insignificant sum such as one dollar.\u2019 [\u00b6\u00b6] \u2026 [T]he instant instruction, which limits damages to \u2018those damages that necessarily result from the publication of defamatory matter,\u2019 constitutes substantial compliance with [Civil Code] section 3283. Thus, the instant instructions, \u2018if obeyed, did not allow the jurors to \u201center the realm of speculation\u201d regarding future suffering.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sommer v. Gabor<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1455, 1472\u20131473 [48 Cal.Rptr.2d 235], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The jury should be instructed that the defendant\u2019s negligence is an element of libel if the plaintiff is a private figure. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carney v. Santa Cruz Women Against Rape<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 1009, 1016 [271 Cal.Rptr. 30].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen the speech involves a matter of public concern, a private-figure plaintiff has the burden of proving the falsity of the defamation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown v. Kelly Broadcasting Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 48 Cal.3d 711, 747 [257 Cal.Rptr. 708, 771 P.2d 406].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSuffice it to say that actual injury is not limited to out-of-pocket loss. Indeed, the more customary types of actual harm inflicted by defamatory falsehood include impairment of reputation and standing in the community, personal humiliation, and mental anguish and suffering. Of course, juries must be limited by appropriate instructions, and all awards must be supported by competent evidence concerning the injury, although there need be no evidence which assigns an actual dollar value to the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gertz, supra,<\/span>\u00a0418 U.S. at p. 350.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Private-figure plaintiffs must prove actual malice to recover punitive or presumed damages for defamation if the matter is one of public concern. They are only required to prove negligence to recover damages for actual injury to reputation. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Khawar v. Globe Internat.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 19 Cal.4th 254, 273\u2013274 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 178, 965 P.2d 696].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA private-figure plaintiff must prove at least negligence to recover any damages and, when the speech involves a matter of public concern, he must also prove\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New York Times<\/span>\u00a0malice \u2026 to recover presumed or punitive damages. This malice must be established by \u2018clear and convincing proof.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown, supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.3d at p. 747, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">When the court is instructing on punitive damages, it is error to fail to instruct that\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New York Times<\/span>\u00a0malice is required when the statements at issue involve matters of public concern. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carney, supra,<\/span>\u00a0221 Cal.App.3d at p. 1022.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo prove actual malice \u2026 a plaintiff must \u2018demonstrate with clear and convincing evidence that the defendant realized that his statement was false or that he subjectively entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his statement.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Khawar, supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.4th at p. 275, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause actual malice is a higher fault standard than negligence, a finding of actual malice generally includes a finding of negligence \u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Khawar, supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.4th at p. 279.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe inquiry into the protected status of speech is one of law, not fact.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nizam-Aldine v. City of Oakland<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 364, 375 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 781], quoting\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Connick v. Myers<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 461 U.S. 138, 148, fn. 7 [103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New York Times<\/span>\u00a0standard to be met, \u2018the publisher must come close to willfully blinding itself to the falsity of its utterance.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown, supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.3d at p. 747, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018While such speech is not totally unprotected by the\u00a0First Amendment, its protections are less stringent\u2019 [than that applying to speech on matters of public concern].\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Savage v. Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 434, 445 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 305], internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009623\u2013654, 719\u2013721<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 45,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200945.04,\u00a045.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>30\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 340,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009340.12\u2013340.13, 340.18 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>14\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 142,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander (Defamation)<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009142.30\u2013142.40, 142.87 et seq. (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u200921:1\u201321:2, 21:22\u201321:25, 21:51 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-ovj6c-2d2eaabebd536dbdefc9f1064cf09b09 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ninx0-867e3f6b6b7cd0d82ad406a9282575e3\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ninx0-867e3f6b6b7cd0d82ad406a9282575e3 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ninx0-867e3f6b6b7cd0d82ad406a9282575e3 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-972","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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