{"id":987,"date":"2021-10-25T03:49:52","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=987"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:31:14","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:31:14","slug":"caci-1723-common-interest-privilege-malice-civ-code-%c2%a7-47c","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1723-common-interest-privilege-malice-civ-code-%c2%a7-47c\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1723 Common Interest Privilege\u2014Malice (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200947(c))"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7ws3o1-2111cb6ea2d7440ab37b374ae767de7c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7ws3o1-2111cb6ea2d7440ab37b374ae767de7c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7ws3o1-2111cb6ea2d7440ab37b374ae767de7c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7ws3o1-2111cb6ea2d7440ab37b374ae767de7c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7ws3o1-2111cb6ea2d7440ab37b374ae767de7c av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1723 Common Interest Privilege\u2014Malice (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200947(c))<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7wt6ri-a23e65a0b476282640a78487969c59ef\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7wt6ri-a23e65a0b476282640a78487969c59ef .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7wt6ri-a23e65a0b476282640a78487969c59ef '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1723\u00a0Common Interest Privilege\u2014Malice (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200947(c))<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] cannot recover damages from [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], even if the statement(s) [was\/were] false, unless [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] also proves either:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">1.<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That in making the statement(s), [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted with hatred or ill will toward [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], showing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s willingness to vex, annoy, or injure [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">2.<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had no reasonable grounds for believing the truth of the statement(s)<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2014 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction involves what is referred to as the \u201ccommon interest\u201d privilege of\u00a0Civil Code section 47(c). This statute grants a privilege against defamation to communications made without malice on subjects of mutual interest. The defendant bears the initial burden of showing facts to bring the communication within the privilege. The plaintiff then must prove malice. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lundquist v. Reusser<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 1193, 1203 [31 Cal.Rptr.2d 776, 875 P.2d 1279].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Common-Interest Privilege:\u00a0Civil Code section 47(c).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Malice Not Inferred:\u00a0Civil Code section 48.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSo, defendants contended, any publication was protected by the common interest privilege in\u00a0Civil Code section 47, subdivision (c), which extends a privilege to statements made \u2018without malice, to a person interested therein, (1) by one who is also interested, or (2) by one who stands in such a relation to the person interested as to afford a reasonable ground for supposing the motive for the communication to be innocent, or (3) who is requested by the person interested to give the information.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker v. Fox &amp; Associates<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 333, 353 [192 Cal.Rptr.3d 511].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 47\u00a0\u2018extends a conditional privilege against defamation to statements made without malice on subjects of mutual interests. [Citation.] This privilege is \u201crecognized where the communicator and the recipient have a common interest and the communication is of a kind reasonably calculated to protect or further that interest.\u201d [Citation.] The \u201cinterest\u201d must be something other than mere general or idle curiosity, such as where the parties to the communication share a contractual, business or similar relationship or the defendant is protecting his own pecuniary interest. [Citation.] Rather, it is restricted to \u2018proprietary or narrow private interests.\u201d [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hui v. Sturbaum<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1109, 1118\u20131119 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 569].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThis definition is not exclusive, however, and the cases have taken an \u2018eclectic approach\u2019 toward interpreting the statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Klem v. Access Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 595, 617 [225 Cal.Rptr.3d 711].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCommunications made in a commercial setting relating to the conduct of an employee have been held to fall squarely within the qualified privilege for communications to interested persons.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell v. Berkeley Tennis Club<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 908, 949 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 286].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Ordinarily, the common interest of the members of a church in church matters is sufficient to give rise to a qualified privilege to communications between members on subjects relating to the church\u2019s interest.\u2019 This reasoning applies by analogy to communications between parents of parochial school children and church authorities overseeing the school on subjects relating to the school.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hicks v. Richard<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 1167, 1177 [252 Cal.Rptr.3d 578].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor the purposes of section 47\u2019s qualified privilege, \u2018malice\u2019 means that the defendant (1) \u2018\u2009\u201cwas motivated by hatred or ill will towards the plaintiff,\u201d\u2009\u2019 or (2) \u2018\u2009\u201clacked reasonable grounds for [its] belief in the truth of the publication and therefore acted in reckless disregard of the plaintiff\u2019s rights.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schep v. Capital One, N.A.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 12 Cal.App.5th 1331, 1337 [220 Cal.Rptr.3d 408].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe malice required to defeat the common interest privilege is actual malice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hicks, supra,<\/span>\u00a039 Cal.App.5th at p. 1178.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]alice [as used in\u00a0Civil Code section 47(c)] has been defined as \u2018a state of mind arising from hatred or ill will, evidencing a willingness to vex, annoy or injure another person.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown v. Kelly Broadcasting Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 48 Cal.3d 711, 723 [257 Cal.Rptr. 708, 771 P.2d 406], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]alice focuses upon the defendant\u2019s state of mind, not his [or her] conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a018 Cal.App.5th at p. 951.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]alice may not be inferred from the mere fact of the communication.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barker,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a0240 Cal.App.4th at p. 354.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor purposes of establishing a triable issue of malice, \u2018the issue is not the truth or falsity of the statements but whether they were made recklessly without reasonable belief in their truth.\u2019 A triable issue of malice would exist if [defendant] made a statement in reckless disregard of Employee\u2019s rights that [defendant] either did not believe to be true (i.e., he actually knew better) or unreasonably believed to be true (i.e., he should have known better). In either case, a fact finder would have to ascertain what [defendant] subjectively knew and believed about the topic at the time he spoke.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McGrory v. Applied Signal Technology, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1510, 1540 [152 Cal.Rptr.3d 154], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]aliciousness cannot be derived from negligence. Malice entails more than sloppiness or, as in this case, an easily explained typo.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bierbower v. FHP, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1, 9 [82 Cal.Rptr.2d 393].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]f malice is shown, the privilege is not merely overcome; it never arises in the first instance.\u2009\u2026 [T]he characterization of the privilege as qualified or conditional is incorrect to the extent that it suggests the privilege is defeasible.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown, supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.3d at p. 723, fn. 7.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u200992, 655, 690\u2013704<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch. 5(I)-E,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employment Torts And Related Claims<\/span>\u2014<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation,<\/span>\u00a0\u00b6\u20095:471 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 45,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Defamation<\/span>, \u00a7\u200945.12\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>30\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 340,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009340.66\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>14\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 142,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Libel and Slander (Defamation)<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009142.53\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u2009\u200921:40\u201321:41 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-qrv2b-5a061c5d5cd107a17474490dcd4afd8b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-laxk3-46d94cb0972de62b8e3e75767aa7c958\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-laxk3-46d94cb0972de62b8e3e75767aa7c958 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-laxk3-46d94cb0972de62b8e3e75767aa7c958 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-987","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 1723 Common Interest Privilege\u2014Malice (Civ. 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