California Civil Jury Instructions

PRETRIAL

CACI 100 Preliminary Admonitions (revised)

CACI 101 Overview of Trial (revised)

CACI 102 Taking Notes During the Trial (revised)

CACI 103 Multiple Parties (revised)

CACI 104 Nonperson Party (revised)

CACI 105 Insurance (revised)

CACI 106 Evidence (new)

CACI 107 Witnesses

CACI 108 Duty to Abide by Translation Provided in Court

CACI 109 Removal of Claims or Parties

CACI 110 Service Provider for Juror with Disability

CACI 111 Instruction to Alternate Jurors

CACI 112 Questions from Jurors

CACI 113 Bias

CACI 114 Bench Conferences and Conferences in Chambers

CACI 115 Class Action Defined Plaintiff Class

CACI 116 Why Electronic Communications and Research Are Prohibited

CACI 117 Wealth of Parties

CACI 118 Personal Pronouns

EVIDENCE

CACI 200 Obligation to Prove—More Likely True Than Not True (revised)

CACI 201 Highly Probable Clear and Convincing Proof

CACI 202 Direct and Indirect Evidence (revised)

CACI 203 Party Having Power to Produce Better Evidence

CACI 204 Willful Suppression of Evidence

CACI 205 Failure to Explain or Deny Evidence

CACI 206 Evidence Admitted for Limited Purpose

CACI 207 Evidence Applicable to One Party

CACI 208 Deposition as Substantive Evidence

CACI 209 Use of Interrogatories of a Party

CACI 210 Requests for Admissions

CACI 211 Prior Conviction of a Felony

CACI 212Statements of a Party Opponent

CACI 213Adoptive Admissions

Reserved for Future Use

CACI 215 Exercise of a Communication Privilege

CACI 216 Exercise of Right Not to Incriminate Oneself (Evid. Code, § 913)

CACI 217 Evidence of Settlement

CACI 218 Statements Made to Physician (Previously Existing Condition)

CACI 219 Expert Witness Testimony

CACI 220 Experts—Questions Containing Assumed Facts

CACI 221 Conflicting Expert Testimony

CACI 222 Evidence of Sliding-Scale Settlement

CACI 223 Opinion Testimony of Lay Witness

CACI 224 Testimony of Child

CONTRACTS

300 Breach of Contract—Introduction

301 Third-Party Beneficiary

302 Contract Formation—Essential Factual Elements

303 Breach of Contract—Essential Factual Elements

304 Oral or Written Contract Terms

305 Implied-in-Fact Contract

306 Unformalized Agreement

307 Contract Formation—Offer

308 Contract Formation—Revocation of Offer

309 Contract Formation—Acceptance

310 Contract Formation—Acceptance by Silence

311 Contract Formation—Rejection of Offer

312 Substantial Performance

313 Modification

314 Interpretation—Disputed Words

315 Interpretation—Meaning of Ordinary Words

316 Interpretation—Meaning of Technical Words

317 Interpretation—Construction of Contract as a Whole

318 Interpretation—Construction by Conduct

319 Interpretation—Reasonable Time

320 Interpretation—Construction Against Drafter

321 Existence of Condition Precedent Disputed

322 Occurrence of Agreed Condition Precedent

323 Waiver of Condition Precedent

324 Anticipatory Breach

325 Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Essential Factual Elements

326 Assignment Contested

327 Assignment Not Contested

328 Breach of Implied Duty to Perform With Reasonable Care—Essential Factual Elements

329. Reserved for Future Use

330 Affirmative Defense—Unilateral Mistake of Fact

331 Affirmative Defense—Bilateral Mistake

332 Affirmative Defense—Duress

333 Affirmative Defense—Economic Duress

334 Affirmative Defense—Undue Influence

335 Affirmative Defense—Fraud

336 Affirmative Defense—Waiver

337 Affirmative Defense—Novation

338 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations

339–349. Reserved for Future Use

350 Introduction to Contract Damages

351 Special Damages

352 Loss of Profits—No Profits Earned

353 Loss of Profits—Some Profits Earned

354 Owner’s/Lessee’s Damages for Breach of Contract to Construct Improvements on Real Property

355 Obligation to Pay Money Only

356 Buyer’s Damages for Breach of Contract for Sale of Real Property (Civ. Code, § 3306)

357 Seller’s Damages for Breach of Contract to Purchase Real Property

358 Mitigation of Damages

359 Present Cash Value of Future Damages

360 Nominal Damages

361 Reliance Damages

362–369. Reserved for Future Use

370 Common Count: Money Had and Received

371 Common Count: Goods and Services Rendered

372 Common Count: Open Book Account

373 Common Count: Account Stated

374 Common Count: Mistaken Receipt

375 Restitution From Transferee Based on Quasi-Contract or Unjust Enrichment

376–379. Reserved for Future Use

380 Agreement Formalized by Electronic Means—Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (Civ. Code, § 1633.1 et seq.)

381–399. Reserved for Future Use

VF-300 Breach of Contract

VF-301 Breach of Contract—Affirmative Defense—Unilateral Mistake of Fact

VF-302 Breach of Contract—Affirmative Defense—Duress

VF-303 Breach of Contract—Contract Formation at Issue

VF-304 Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

VF-305–VF-399. Reserved for Future Use

NEGLIGENCE

Synopsis to Series 400 : NEGLIGENCE

400 Negligence – Essential Factual Elements

401 Basic Standard of Care

402 Standard of Care for Minors

403 Standard of Care for Physically Disabled Person

404 Intoxication

405 Comparative Fault of Plaintiff

406 Apportionment of Responsibility

407 Comparative Fault of Decedent

408–410. Reserved for Future Use

411 Reliance on Good Conduct of Others

412 Duty of Care Owed Children

413 Custom or Practice

414 Amount of Caution Required in Dangerous Situations

415 Employee Required to Work in Dangerous Situations

416 Amount of Caution Required in Transmitting Electric Power

417 Special Doctrines: Res ipsa loquitur

418 Presumption of Negligence per se

419 Presumption of Negligence per se (Causation Only at Issue)

420 Negligence per se: Rebuttal of the Presumption of Negligence—Violation Excused

421 Negligence per se: Rebuttal of the Presumption of Negligence (Violation of Minor Excused)

422 Providing Alcoholic Beverages to Obviously Intoxicated Minors (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 25602.1)

423 Public Entity Liability for Failure to Perform Mandatory Duty

424 Negligence Not Contested—Essential Factual Elements

425 “Gross Negligence” Explained

426 Negligent Hiring, Supervision, or Retention of Employee

427 Furnishing Alcoholic Beverages to Minors (Civ. Code, § 1714(d))

428 Parental Liability (Nonstatutory)

429 Negligent Sexual Transmission of Disease

430 Causation: Substantial Factor

431 Causation: Multiple Causes

432 Affirmative Defense—Causation: Third-Party Conduct as Superseding Cause

433 Affirmative Defense—Causation: Intentional Tort/Criminal Act as Superseding Cause

434 Alternative Causation

435 Causation for Asbestos-Related Cancer Claims

436–439. Reserved for Future Use

440 Negligent Use of Nondeadly Force by Law Enforcement Officer in Arrest or Other Seizure—Essential Factual Elements

441 Negligent Use of Deadly Force by Peace Officer—Essential Factual Elements

442–449. Reserved for Future Use

450A Good Samaritan—Nonemergency

450B Good Samaritan—Scene of Emergency

450C Negligent Undertaking

451 Affirmative Defense—Contractual Assumption of Risk

452 Sudden Emergency

453 Injury Incurred in Course of Rescue

454 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations

455 Statute of Limitations—Delayed Discovery

456 Defendant Estopped From Asserting Statute of Limitations Defense

457 Statute of Limitations—Equitable Tolling—Other Prior Proceeding

458–459. Reserved for Future Use

460 Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities—Essential Factual Elements

461 Strict Liability for Injury Caused by Wild Animal—Essential Factual Elements

462 Strict Liability for Injury Caused by Domestic Animal With Dangerous Propensities—Essential Factual Elements

463 Dog Bite Statute (Civ. Code, § 3342)—Essential Factual Elements

464–469. Reserved for Future Use

470 Primary Assumption of Risk—Exception to Nonliability—Coparticipant in Sport or Other Recreational Activity

471 Primary Assumption of Risk—Exception to Nonliability—Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches

472 Primary Assumption of Risk—Exception to Nonliability—Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors

473 Primary Assumption of Risk—Exception to Nonliability—Occupation Involving Inherent Risk

474–499. Reserved for Future Use

VF-400 Negligence—Single Defendant

VF-401 Negligence—Single Defendant—Plaintiff’s Negligence at Issue—Fault of Others Not at Issue

VF-402 Negligence—Fault of Plaintiff and Others at Issue

VF-403 Primary Assumption of Risk—Liability of Coparticipant

VF-404 Primary Assumption of Risk—Liability of Instructors, Trainers, or Coaches

VF-405 Primary Assumption of Risk—Liability of Facilities Owners and Operators and Event Sponsors

VF-406 Negligence—Providing Alcoholic Beverages to Obviously Intoxicated Minor

VF-407 Strict Liability—Ultrahazardous Activities

VF-408 Strict Liability for Domestic Animal With Dangerous Propensities

VF-409 Dog Bite Statute (Civ. Code, § 3342)

VF-410 Statute of Limitations—Delayed Discovery—Reasonable Investigation Would Not Have Disclosed Pertinent Facts

VF-411 Parental Liability (Nonstatutory)

VF-412–VF-499. Reserved for Future Use

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE

Synopsis to Series 500 : MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE

500 Medical Negligence—Essential Factual Elements

501 Standard of Care for Health Care Professionals

502 Standard of Care for Medical Specialists

503A Psychotherapist’s Duty to Protect Intended Victim From Patient’s Threat

503B Affirmative Defense—Psychotherapist’s Communication of Threat to Victim and Law Enforcement

504 Standard of Care for Nurses

505 Success Not Required

506 Alternative Methods of Care

507 Duty to Warn Patient

509 Abandonment of Patient

508 Duty to Refer to a Specialist

510 Derivative Liability of Surgeon

511 Wrongful Birth—Sterilization/Abortion—Essential Factual Elements

512 Wrongful Birth—Essential Factual Elements

513 Wrongful Life—Essential Factual Elements

514 Duty of Hospital

515 Duty of Hospital to Provide Safe Environment

516 Duty of Hospital to Screen Medical Staff

517 Affirmative Defense—Patient’s Duty to Provide for the Patient’s Own Well-Being

518 Medical Malpractice: Res ipsa loquitur

519–530. Reserved for Future Use

530A Medical Battery

530B Medical Battery—Conditional Consent

531 Consent on Behalf of Another

532 Informed Consent—Definition

533 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent—Essential Factual Elements

534 Informed Refusal—Definition

535 Risks of Nontreatment—Essential Factual Elements

536–549. Reserved for Future Use

550 Affirmative Defense—Plaintiff Would Have Consented

551 Affirmative Defense—Waiver

552 Affirmative Defense—Simple Procedure

553 Affirmative Defense—Emotional State of Patient

554 Affirmative Defense—Emergency

555 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Medical Malpractice—One-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.5)

556 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Medical Malpractice—Three-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.5)

557–599. Reserved for Future Use

VF-500 Medical Negligence

VF-501 Medical Negligence—Informed Consent—Affirmative Defense—Plaintiff Would Have Consented Even If Informed

VF-502 Medical Negligence—Informed Consent—Affirmative Defense—Emergency

VF-503–VF-599. Reserved for Future Use

PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

Synopsis to Series 600 : PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

600 Standard of Care

601 Damages for Negligent Handling of Legal Matter

602 Success Not Required

603 Alternative Legal Decisions or Strategies

604 Referral to Legal Specialist

605 Reserved for Future Use

606 Legal Malpractice Causing Criminal Conviction—Actual Innocence

607–609. Reserved for Future Use

610 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Attorney Malpractice—One-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.6)

611 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Attorney Malpractice—Four-Year Limit (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.6)

612–699. Reserved for Future Use

MOTOR VEHICLES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY

Synopsis to Series 700 : MOTOR VEHICLES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY

700 Basic Standard of Care

701 Definition of Right-of-Way

702 Waiver of Right-of-Way

703 Definition of “Immediate Hazard”

704 Left Turns (Veh. Code, § 21801)

705 Turning (Veh. Code, § 22107)

706 Basic Speed Law (Veh. Code, § 22350)

707 Speed Limit (Veh. Code, § 22352)

708 Maximum Speed Limit (Veh. Code, §§ 22349, 22356)

709 Driving Under the Influence (Veh. Code, §§ 23152, 23153)

710 Duties of Care for Pedestrians and Drivers in Crosswalk (Veh. Code, § 21950)

711 The Passenger’s Duty of Care for Own Safety

712 Affirmative Defense—Failure to Wear a Seat Belt

713–719. Reserved for Future Use

720 Motor Vehicle Owner Liability—Permissive Use of Vehicle

721 Motor Vehicle Owner Liability—Affirmative Defense—Use Beyond Scope of Permission

722 Adult’s Liability for Minor’s Permissive Use of Motor Vehicle

723 Liability of Cosigner of Minor’s Application for Driver’s License

724 Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle

725–729. Reserved for Future Use

730 Emergency Vehicle Exemption (Veh. Code, § 21055)

731 Definition of “Emergency” (Veh. Code, § 21055)

732–799. Reserved for Future Use

VF-700 Motor Vehicle Owner Liability—Permissive Use of Vehicle

VF-701 Motor Vehicle Owner Liability—Permissive Use of Vehicle—Affirmative Defense—Use Beyond Scope of Permission

VF-702 Adult’s Liability for Minor’s Permissive Use of Motor Vehicle

VF-703 Liability of Cosigner of Minor’s Application for Driver’s License

VF-704 Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle

VF-705–VF-799. Reserved for Future Use

RAILROAD CROSSINGS

Synopsis to Series 800 : RAILROAD CROSSINGS

800 Basic Standard of Care for Railroads

801 Duty to Comply With Safety Regulations

802 Reserved for Future Use

803 Regulating Speed

804 Lookout for Crossing Traffic

805 Installing Warning Systems

806 Comparative Fault—Duty to Approach Crossing With Care

807–899. Reserved for Future Use

COMMON CARRIERS

Synopsis to Series 900 : COMMON CARRIERS

900 Introductory Instruction

901 Status of Common Carrier Disputed

902 Duty of Common Carrier

903 Duty to Provide and Maintain Safe Equipment

904 Duty of Common Carrier Toward Disabled/Infirm Passengers

905 Duty of Common Carrier Toward Minor Passengers

906 Duty of Passenger for Own Safety

907 Status of Passenger Disputed

908 Duty to Protect Passengers From Assault

909–999. Reserved for Future Use

PREMISES LIABILITY

Synopsis to Series 1000 : PREMISES LIABILITY

1000 Premises Liability—Essential Factual Elements

1001 Basic Duty of Care

1002 Extent of Control Over Premises Area

1003 Unsafe Conditions

1004 Obviously Unsafe Conditions

1005 Business Proprietor’s or Property Owner’s Liability for the Criminal Conduct of Others

1006 Landlord’s Duty

1007 Sidewalk Abutting Property

1008 Liability for Adjacent Altered Sidewalk—Essential Factual Elements

1009A Liability to Employees of Independent Contractors for Unsafe Concealed Conditions

1009B Liability to Employees of Independent Contractors for Unsafe Conditions—Retained Control

1009C. Reserved for Future Use

1009D Liability to Employees of Independent Contractors for Unsafe Conditions—Defective Equipment

1010 Affirmative Defense—Recreation Immunity—Exceptions (Civ. Code, § 846)

1011 Constructive Notice Regarding Dangerous Conditions on Property

1012 Knowledge of Employee Imputed to Owner

1013–1099. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1000 Premises Liability—Comparative Negligence of Others Not at Issue

VF-1001 Premises Liability—Affirmative Defense—Recreation Immunity—Exceptions

VF-1002 Premises Liability—Comparative Fault of Plaintiff at Issue

VF-1003–VF-1099. Reserved for Future Use

DANGEROUS CONDITION OF PUBLIC PROPERTY

Synopsis to Series 1100 : DANGEROUS CONDITION OF PUBLIC PROPERTY

1100 Dangerous Condition on Public Property—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 835)

1101 Control

1102 Definition of “Dangerous Condition” (Gov. Code, § 830(a))

1103 Notice (Gov. Code, § 835.2)

1104 Inspection System (Gov. Code, § 835.2(b)(1) & (2))

1105–1109. Reserved for Future Use

1110 Affirmative Defense—Natural Conditions (Gov. Code, § 831.2)

1111 Affirmative Defense—Condition Created by Reasonable Act or Omission (Gov. Code, § 835.4(a))

1112 Affirmative Defense—Reasonable Act or Omission to Correct (Gov. Code, § 835.4(b))

1113–1119. Reserved for Future Use

1120 Failure to Provide Traffic Control Signals (Gov. Code, § 830.4)

1121 Failure to Provide Traffic Warning Signals, Signs, or Markings (Gov. Code, § 830.8)

1122 Affirmative Defense—Weather Conditions Affecting Streets and Highways (Gov. Code, § 831)

1123 Affirmative Defense—Design Immunity (Gov. Code, § 830.6)

1124 Loss of Design Immunity (Cornette)

1125 Conditions on Adjacent Property

1126–1199. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1100 Dangerous Condition of Public Property

VF-1101 Dangerous Condition of Public Property—Affirmative Defense—Reasonable Act or Omission (Gov. Code, § 835.4)

VF-1102–VF-1199. Reserved for Future Use

PRODUCTS LIABILITY

Synopsis to Series 1200 : PRODUCTS LIABILITY

1200 Strict Liability—Essential Factual Elements

1201 Strict Liability—Manufacturing Defect—Essential Factual Elements

1202 Strict Liability—“Manufacturing Defect” Explained

1203 Strict Liability—Design Defect—Consumer Expectation Test—Essential Factual Elements

1204 Strict Liability—Design Defect—Risk-Benefit Test—Essential Factual Elements—Shifting Burden of Proof

1205 Strict Liability—Failure to Warn—Essential Factual Elements

1206 Strict Liability—Failure to Warn—Products Containing Allergens (Not Prescription Drugs)—Essential Factual Elements

1207A Strict Liability—Comparative Fault of Plaintiff

1207B Strict Liability—Comparative Fault of Third Person

1208 Component Parts Rule

1209–1219. Reserved for Future Use

1220 Negligence—Essential Factual Elements

1221 Negligence—Basic Standard of Care

1222 Negligence—Manufacturer or Supplier—Duty to Warn—Essential Factual Elements

1223 Negligence—Recall/Retrofit

1224 Negligence—Negligence for Product Rental/Standard of Care

1225–1229. Reserved for Future Use

1230 Express Warranty—Essential Factual Elements

1231 Implied Warranty of Merchantability—Essential Factual Elements

1232 Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose—Essential Factual Elements

1233 Implied Warranty of Merchantability for Food—Essential Factual Elements

1234–1239. Reserved for Future Use

1240 Affirmative Defense to Express Warranty—Not “Basis of Bargain”

1241 Affirmative Defense—Exclusion or Modification of Express Warranty

1242 Affirmative Defense—Exclusion of Implied Warranties

1243 Notification/Reasonable Time

1244 Affirmative Defense—Sophisticated User

1245 Affirmative Defense—Product Misuse or Modification

1246 Affirmative Defense—Design Defect—Government Contractor

1247 Affirmative Defense—Failure to Warn—Government Contractor

1248 Affirmative Defense—Inherently Unsafe Consumer Product (Civ. Code, § 1714.45)

1249 Affirmative Defense—Reliance on Knowledgeable Intermediary

1250–1299. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1200 Strict Products Liability—Manufacturing Defect—Comparative Fault at Issue

VF-1201 Strict Products Liability—Design Defect—Affirmative Defense—Misuse or Modification

VF-1202 Strict Products Liability—Design Defect—Risk-Benefit Test

VF-1203 Strict Products Liability—Failure to Warn

VF-1204 Products Liability—Negligence—Comparative Fault of Plaintiff at Issue

VF-1205 Products Liability—Negligent Failure to Warn

VF-1206 Products Liability—Express Warranty—Affirmative Defense—Not “Basis of Bargain”

VF-1207 Products Liability—Implied Warranty of Merchantability—Affirmative Defense—Exclusion of Implied Warranties

VF-1208 Products Liability—Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose

VF-1209–VF-1299. Reserved for Future Use

ASSAULT AND BATTERY

Synopsis to Series 1300 : ASSAULT AND BATTERY

1300 Battery—Essential Factual Elements

1301 Assault—Essential Factual Elements

1302 Consent Explained

1303 Invalid Consent

1304 Affirmative Defense—Self-Defense/Defense of Others

1305A Battery by Law Enforcement Officer (Nondeadly Force)—Essential Factual Elements

1305B Battery by Peace Officer (Deadly Force)—Essential Factual Elements

1306 Sexual Battery—Essential Factual Elements

1307–1319. Reserved for Future Use

1320 Intent

1321 Transferred Intent

1322–1399. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1300 Battery

VF-1301 Battery—Self-Defense/Defense of Others at Issue

VF-1302 Assault

VF-1303A Battery by Law Enforcement Officer (Nondeadly Force)

VF-1303B Battery by Peace Officer (Deadly Force)

VF-1304–VF-1399. Reserved for Future Use

FALSE IMPRISONMENT

Synopsis to Series 1400 : FALSE IMPRISONMENT

1400 No Arrest Involved—Essential Factual Elements

1401 False Arrest Without Warrant by Peace Officer—Essential Factual Elements

1402 False Arrest Without Warrant—Affirmative Defense—Peace Officer—Probable Cause to Arrest

1403 False Arrest Without Warrant by Private Citizen—Essential Factual Elements

1404 False Arrest Without Warrant—Affirmative Defense—Private Citizen—Probable Cause to Arrest

1405 False Arrest With Warrant—Essential Factual Elements

1406 False Arrest With Warrant—Peace Officer—Affirmative Defense—“Good-Faith” Exception

1407 Unnecessary Delay in Processing/Releasing—Essential Factual Elements

1408 Affirmative Defense—Police Officer’s Lawful Authority to Detain

1409 Common Law Right to Detain for Investigation

1410–1499. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1400 False Imprisonment—No Arrest Involved

VF-1401 False Imprisonment—No Arrest Involved—Affirmative Defense—Right to Detain for Investigation

VF-1402 False Arrest Without Warrant

VF-1403 False Arrest Without Warrant by Peace Officer—Affirmative Defense—Probable Cause to Arrest

VF-1404 False Arrest Without Warrant by Private Citizen—Affirmative Defense—Probable Cause to Arrest

VF-1405 False Arrest With Warrant

VF-1406 False Arrest With Warrant—Peace Officer—Affirmative Defense—“Good-Faith” Exception

VF-1407 False Imprisonment—Unnecessary Delay in Processing/Releasing

VF-1408–VF-1499. Reserved for Future Use

MALICIOUS PROSECUTION

Synopsis to Series 1500 : MALICIOUS PROSECUTION

1500 Former Criminal Proceeding—Essential Factual Elements

1501 Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings

1502 Wrongful Use of Administrative Proceedings

1503 Affirmative Defense—Proceeding Initiated by Public Employee Within Scope of Employment (Gov. Code, § 821.6)

1504 Former Criminal Proceeding—“Actively Involved” Explained

1505–1509. Reserved for Future Use

1510 Affirmative Defense—Reliance on Counsel

1511 Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings—Affirmative Defense—Attorney’s Reliance on Information Provided by Client

1512–1519. Reserved for Future Use

1520 Abuse of Process—Essential Factual Elements

1521–1529. Reserved for Future Use

1530 Apportionment of Attorney Fees and Costs Between Proper and Improper Claims

1531–1599. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1500 Malicious Prosecution—Former Criminal Proceeding

VF-1501 Malicious Prosecution—Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings

VF-1502 Malicious Prosecution—Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings—Affirmative Defense—Reliance on Counsel

VF-1503 Malicious Prosecution—Wrongful Use of Administrative Proceedings

VF-1504 Abuse of Process

VF-1505–VF-1599. Reserved for Future Use

EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

Synopsis to Series 1600 : EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

1600 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—Essential Factual Elements

1601 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS

1602 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—“Outrageous Conduct” Defined

1603 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—“Reckless Disregard” Defined

1604 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—“Severe Emotional Distress” Defined

1605 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—Affirmative Defense—Privileged Conduct

1606–1619. Reserved for Future Use

1620 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Direct Victim—Essential Factual Elements

1621 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Bystander—Essential Factual Elements

1622 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS—Essential Factual Elements

1623 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS—Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct—Essential Factual Elements

1624–1699. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1600 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

VF-1601 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—Affirmative Defense—Privileged Conduct

VF-1602 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS

VF-1603 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Direct Victim

VF-1604 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Bystander

VF-1605 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS

VF-1606 Negligence—Recovery of Damages for Emotional Distress—No Physical Injury—Fear of Cancer, HIV, or AIDS—Malicious, Oppressive, or Fraudulent Conduct

VF-1607–VF-1699. Reserved for Future Use

DEFAMATION

Synopsis to Series 1700 : DEFAMATION

1700 Defamation per se—Essential Factual Elements (Public Officer/Figure and Limited Public Figure)

1701 Defamation per quod—Essential Factual Elements (Public Officer/Figure and Limited Public Figure)

1702 Defamation per se—Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure—Matter of Public Concern)

1703 Defamation per quod—Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure—Matter of Public Concern)

1704 Defamation per se—Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure—Matter of Private Concern)

1705 Defamation per quod—Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure—Matter of Private Concern)

1706 Definition of Statement

1707 Fact Versus Opinion

1708 Coerced Self-Publication

1709 Retraction: News Publication or Broadcast (Civ. Code, § 48a)

1710–1719. Reserved for Future Use

1720 Affirmative Defense—Truth

1721 Affirmative Defense—Consent

1722 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Defamation

1723 Common Interest Privilege—Malice (Civ. Code, § 47(c))

1724 Fair and True Reporting Privilege (Civ. Code, § 47(d))

1725–1729. Reserved for Future Use

1730 Slander of Title—Essential Factual Elements

1731 Trade Libel—Essential Factual Elements

1732–1799. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1700 Defamation per se (Public Officer/Figure and Limited Public Figure)

VF-1701 Defamation per quod (Public Officer/Figure and Limited Public Figure)

VF-1702 Defamation per se (Private Figure—Matter of Public Concern)

VF-1703 Defamation per quod (Private Figure—Matter of Public Concern)

VF-1704 Defamation per se—Affirmative Defense—Truth (Private Figure—Matter of Private Concern)

VF-1705 Defamation per quod (Private Figure—Matter of Private Concern)

VF-1706–VF-1719. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1720 Slander of Title

VF-1721 Trade Libel

VF-1722–VF-1799. Reserved for Future Use

Table A Defamation Per Se

Table B Defamation Per Quod

RIGHT OF PRIVACY

Synopsis to Series 1800 : RIGHT OF PRIVACY

1800 Intrusion Into Private Affairs

1801 Public Disclosure of Private Facts

1802 False Light

1803 Appropriation of Name or Likeness—Essential Factual Elements

1804A Use of Name or Likeness (Civ. Code, § 3344)

1804B Use of Name or Likeness—Use in Connection With News, Public Affairs, or Sports Broadcast or Account, or Political Campaign (Civ. Code, § 3344(d))

1805 Affirmative Defense to Use or Appropriation of Name or Likeness—First Amendment (Comedy III)

1806 Affirmative Defense to Invasion of Privacy—First Amendment Balancing Test—Public Interest

1807 Affirmative Defense—Invasion of Privacy Justified

1808 Stalking (Civ. Code, § 1708.7)

1809 Recording of Confidential Information (Pen. Code, §§ 632, 637.2)

1810 Distribution of Private Sexually Explicit Materials—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1708.85)

1811. Reserved for Future Use

1812 Comprehensive Computer Data and Access Fraud Act—Essential Factual Elements (Pen. Code, § 502)

1813 Definition of “Access” (Pen. Code, § 502(b)(1))

1814 Damages for Investigating Violations of Comprehensive Computer Data and Access Fraud Act (Pen. Code, § 502(e)(1))

1815–1819. Reserved for Future Use

1820 Damages

1821 Damages for Use of Name or Likeness (Civ. Code § 3344(a))

1822–1899. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1800 Privacy—Intrusion Into Private Affairs

VF-1801 Privacy—Public Disclosure of Private Facts

VF-1802 Privacy—False Light

VF-1803 Privacy—Appropriation of Name or Likeness

VF-1804 Privacy—Use of Name or Likeness (Civ. Code, § 3344)

VF-1805–VF-1806. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1807 Privacy—Recording of Confidential Information (Pen. Code, §§ 632, 637.2)

VF-1808–VF-1899. Reserved for Future Use

FRAUD OR DECEIT

Synopsis to Series 1900 : FRAUD OR DECEIT

1900 Intentional Misrepresentation

1901 Concealment

1902 False Promise

1903 Negligent Misrepresentation

1904 Opinions as Statements of Fact

1905 Definition of Important Fact/Promise

1906 Misrepresentations Made to Persons Other Than the Plaintiff

1907 Reliance

1908 Reasonable Reliance

1909. Reserved for Future Use

1910 Real Estate Seller’s Nondisclosure of Material Facts

1911–1919. Reserved for Future Use

1920 Buyer’s Damages for Purchase or Acquisition of Property

1921 Buyer’s Damages for Purchase or Acquisition of Property—Lost Profits

1922 Seller’s Damages for Sale or Exchange of Property

1923 Damages—“Out of Pocket” Rule

1924 Damages—“Benefit of the Bargain” Rule

1925 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Fraud or Mistake

1926–1999. Reserved for Future Use

VF-1900 Intentional Misrepresentation

VF-1901 Concealment

VF-1902 False Promise

VF-1903 Negligent Misrepresentation

VF-1904–VF-1999. Reserved for Future Use

TRESPASS

Synopsis to Series 2000 : TRESPASS

2000 Trespass—Essential Factual Elements

2001 Trespass—Extrahazardous Activities

2002 Trespass to Timber—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 3346)

2003 Damage to Timber—Willful and Malicious Conduct

2004 “Intentional Entry” Explained

2005 Affirmative Defense—Necessity

2006–2019. Reserved for Future Use

2020 Public Nuisance—Essential Factual Elements

2021 Private Nuisance—Essential Factual Elements

2022 Private Nuisance—Balancing-Test Factors—Seriousness of Harm and Public Benefit

2023 Failure to Abate Artificial Condition on Land Creating Nuisance

2024–2029. Reserved for Future Use

2030 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Trespass or Private Nuisance

2031 Damages for Annoyance and Discomfort—Trespass or Nuisance

2032–2099. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2000 Trespass

VF-2001 Trespass—Affirmative Defense—Necessity

VF-2002 Trespass—Extrahazardous Activities

VF-2003 Trespass to Timber (Civ. Code, § 3346)

VF-2004 Trespass to Timber—Willful and Malicious Conduct (Civ. Code, § 3346; Code Civ. Proc., § 733)

VF-2005 Public Nuisance

VF-2006 Private Nuisance

VF-2007–VF-2099. Reserved for Future Use

CONVERSION

Synopsis to Series 2100 : CONVERSION

2100 Conversion—Essential Factual Elements

2101 Trespass to Chattels—Essential Factual Elements

2102 Presumed Measure of Damages for Conversion (Civ. Code, § 3336)

2103–2199. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2100 Conversion

VF-2101–VF-2199. Reserved for Future Use

ECONOMIC INTERFERENCE

Synopsis to Series 2200 : ECONOMIC INTERFERENCE

2200 Inducing Breach of Contract

2201 Intentional Interference With Contractual Relations—Essential Factual Elements

2202 Intentional Interference With Prospective Economic Relations—Essential Factual Elements

2203 Intent

2204 Negligent Interference With Prospective Economic Relations

2205 Intentional Interference With Expected Inheritance—Essential Factual Elements

2206–2209. Reserved for Future Use

2210 Affirmative Defense—Privilege to Protect Own Economic Interest

2211–2299. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2200 Inducing Breach of Contract

VF-2201 Intentional Interference With Contractual Relations

VF-2202 Intentional Interference With Prospective Economic Relations

VF-2203 Negligent Interference With Prospective Economic Relations

VF-2204–VF-2299. Reserved for Future Use

INSURANCE LITIGATION

Synopsis to Series 2300 : INSURANCE LITIGATION

2300 Breach of Contractual Duty to Pay a Covered Claim—Essential Factual Elements

2301 Breach of Insurance Binder—Essential Factual Elements

2302 Breach of Contract for Temporary Life Insurance—Essential Factual Elements

2303 Affirmative Defense—Insurance Policy Exclusion

2304 Exception to Insurance Policy Exclusion—Burden of Proof

2305 Lost or Destroyed Insurance Policy

2306 Covered and Excluded Risks—Predominant Cause of Loss

2307 Insurance Agency Relationship Disputed

2308 Affirmative Defense—Misrepresentation or Concealment in Insurance Application

2309 Termination of Insurance Policy for Fraudulent Claim

2310–2319. Reserved for Future Use

2320 Affirmative Defense—Failure to Provide Timely Notice

2321 Affirmative Defense—Insured’s Breach of Duty to Cooperate in Defense

2322 Affirmative Defense—Insured’s Voluntary Payment

2323–2329. Reserved for Future Use

2330 Implied Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Explained

2331 Breach of the Implied Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Failure or Delay in Payment (First Party)—Essential Factual Elements

2332 Bad Faith (First Party)—Failure to Properly Investigate Claim—Essential Factual Elements

2333 Bad Faith (First Party)—Breach of Duty to Inform Insured of Rights—Essential Factual Elements

2334 Bad Faith (Third Party)—Refusal to Accept Reasonable Settlement Within Liability Policy Limits—Essential Factual Elements

2335 Bad Faith—Advice of Counsel

2336 Bad Faith (Third Party)—Unreasonable Failure to Defend—Essential Factual Elements

2337 Factors to Consider in Evaluating Insurer’s Conduct

2338–2349. Reserved for Future Use

2350 Damages for Bad Faith

2351 Insurer’s Claim for Reimbursement of Costs of Defense of Uncovered Claims

2352–2359. Reserved for Future Use

2360 Judgment Creditor’s Action Against Insurer—Essential Factual Elements

2361 Negligent Failure to Obtain Insurance Coverage—Essential Factual Elements

2362–2399. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2300 Breach of Contractual Duty to Pay a Covered Claim

VF-2301 Breach of the Implied Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Failure or Delay in Payment

VF-2302. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2303 Bad Faith (First Party)—Breach of Duty to Inform Insured of Rights

VF-2304–VF-2399. Reserved for Future Use

WRONGFUL TERMINATION

Synopsis to Series 2400 : WRONGFUL TERMINATION

2400 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—“At-Will” Presumption

2401 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—Actual or Constructive Discharge—Essential Factual Elements

2402. Revoked November 2018.

2403 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—Implied-in-Fact Promise Not to Discharge Without Good Cause

2404 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—“Good Cause” Defined

2405 Breach of Implied Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—“Good Cause” Defined—Misconduct

2406 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—Damages

2407–2419. Reserved for Future Use

2420 Breach of Employment Contract—Specified Term—Essential Factual Elements

2421 Breach of Employment Contract—Specified Term—Good-Cause Defense (Lab. Code, § 2924)

2422 Breach of Employment Contract—Specified Term—Damages

2423 Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Employment Contract—Essential Factual Elements

2424 Affirmative Defense—Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Good Faith Though Mistaken Belief

2425–2429. Reserved for Future Use

2430 Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy—Essential Factual Elements

2431 Constructive Discharge in Violation of Public Policy—Plaintiff Required to Violate Public Policy

2432 Constructive Discharge in Violation of Public Policy—Plaintiff Required to Endure Intolerable Conditions That Violate Public Policy

2433–2440 Reserved for Future Use

2441 Discrimination Against Member of Military—Essential Factual Elements (Mil. & Vet. Code, § 394)

2442–2499. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2400 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term

VF-2401 Breach of Employment Contract—Unspecified Term—Constructive Discharge

VF-2402 Breach of Employment Contract—Specified Term

VF-2403 Breach of Employment Contract—Specified Term—Good-Cause Defense

VF-2404 Employment—Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

VF-2405 Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing—Affirmative Defense—Good Faith Mistaken Belief

VF-2406 Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy

VF-2407 Constructive Discharge in Violation of Public Policy—Plaintiff Required to Violate Public Policy

VF-2408 Constructive Discharge in Violation of Public Policy—Plaintiff Required to Endure Intolerable Conditions for Improper Purpose That Violates Public Policy

FAIR EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING ACT

Synopsis to Series 2500 : FAIR EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING ACT

2500 Disparate Treatment—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))

2501 Affirmative Defense—Bona fide Occupational Qualification

2502 Disparate Impact—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))

2503 Affirmative Defense—Business Necessity/Job Relatedness

2504 Disparate Impact—Rebuttal to Business Necessity/Job Relatedness Defense

2505 Retaliation—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12940(h))

2506 Limitation on Remedies—After-Acquired Evidence

2507 “Substantial Motivating Reason” Explained

2508 Failure to File Timely Administrative Complaint (Gov. Code, § 12960(e))—Plaintiff Alleges Continuing Violation

2509 “Adverse Employment Action” Explained

2510 “Constructive Discharge” Explained

2511 Adverse Action Made by Decision Maker Without Animus (Cat’s Paw)

2512 Limitation on Remedies—Same Decision

2513 Business Judgment

2514–2519. Reserved for Future Use

2520 Quid pro quo Sexual Harassment—Essential Factual Elements

2521A Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Plaintiff—Essential Factual Elements—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2521B Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Others—Essential Factual Elements—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2521C Work Environment Harassment—Sexual Favoritism—Essential Factual Elements—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2522A Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Plaintiff—Essential Factual Elements—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2522B Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Others—Essential Factual Elements—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2522C Work Environment Harassment—Sexual Favoritism—Essential Factual Elements—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

2523 “Harassing Conduct” Explained

2524 “Severe or Pervasive” Explained

2525 Harassment—“Supervisor” Defined (Gov. Code, § 12926(t))

2526 Affirmative Defense—Avoidable Consequences Doctrine (Sexual Harassment by a Supervisor)

2527 Failure to Prevent Harassment, Discrimination, or Retaliation—Essential Factual Elements—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, § 12940(k))

2528 Failure to Prevent Harassment by Nonemployee (Gov. Code, § 12940(j))

2529–2539. Reserved for Future Use

2540 Disability Discrimination—Disparate Treatment—Essential Factual Elements

2541 Disability Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12940(m))

2542 Disability Discrimination—“Reasonable Accommodation” Explained

2543 Disability Discrimination—“Essential Job Duties” Explained (Gov. Code, §§ 12926(f), 12940(a)(1))

2544 Disability Discrimination—Affirmative Defense—Health or Safety Risk

2545 Disability Discrimination—Affirmative Defense—Undue Hardship

2546 Disability Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation—Failure to Engage in Interactive Process (Gov. Code, § 12940(n))

2547 Disability-Based Associational Discrimination—Essential Factual Elements

2548 Disability Discrimination—Refusal to Make Reasonable Accommodation in Housing (Gov. Code, § 12927(c)(1))

2549 Disability Discrimination—Refusal to Permit Reasonable Modification to Housing Unit (Gov. Code, § 12927(c)(1))

2550–2559. Reserved for Future Use

2560 Religious Creed Discrimination—Failure to Accommodate—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12940(l))

2561 Religious Creed Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation—Affirmative Defense—Undue Hardship (Gov. Code, §§ 12940(l)(1), 12926(u))

2562–2569. Reserved for Future Use

2570 Age Discrimination—Disparate Treatment—Essential Factual Elements

2571–2599. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2500 Disparate Treatment (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))

VF-2501 Disparate Treatment—Affirmative Defense—Bona fide Occupational Qualification (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))

VF-2502 Disparate Impact (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))

VF-2503 Disparate Impact (Gov. Code, § 12940(a))—Affirmative Defense—Business Necessity/Job Relatedness—Rebuttal to Business Necessity/Job Relatedness Defense

VF-2504 Retaliation (Gov. Code, § 12940(h))

VF-2505 Quid pro quo Sexual Harassment

VF-2506A Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Plaintiff—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2506B Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Others—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2506C Work Environment Harassment—Sexual Favoritism—Employer or Entity Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2507A Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Plaintiff—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2507B Work Environment Harassment—Conduct Directed at Others—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2507C Work Environment Harassment—Sexual Favoritism—Individual Defendant (Gov. Code, §§ 12923, 12940(j))

VF-2509 Disability Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation (Gov. Code, § 12940(m))

VF-2508 Disability Discrimination—Disparate Treatment

VF-2510 Disability Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation—Affirmative Defense—Undue Hardship (Gov. Code, § 12940(m))

VF-2511 Religious Creed Discrimination—Failure to Accommodate (Gov. Code, § 12940(l))

VF-2512 Religious Creed Discrimination—Failure to Accommodate—Affirmative Defense—Undue Hardship (Gov. Code, §§ 12926(u), 12940(l))

VF-2513 Disability Discrimination—Reasonable Accommodation—Failure to Engage in Interactive Process (Gov. Code, § 12940(n))

VF-2514 Failure to Prevent Harassment, Discrimination, or Retaliation

VF-2515 Limitation on Remedies—Same Decision

VF-2516–VF-2599. Reserved for Future Use

CALIFORNIA FAMILY RIGHTS ACT

Synopsis to Series 2600 : CALIFORNIA FAMILY RIGHTS ACT

2600 Violation of CFRA Rights—Essential Factual Elements

2601 Eligibility

2602 Reasonable Notice of CFRA Leave

2603 “Comparable Job” Explained

2604–2609. Reserved for Future Use

2610 Affirmative Defense—No Certification From Health-Care Provider

2611 Affirmative Defense—Fitness for Duty Statement

2612 Affirmative Defense—Employment Would Have Ceased

2613 Affirmative Defense—Key Employee

2614–2619. Reserved for Future Use

2620 CFRA Rights Retaliation—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12945.2(l))

2621–2629. Reserved for Future Use

2630 Violation of New Parent Leave Act—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12945.6)

2631–2699. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2600 Violation of CFRA Rights

VF-2601 Violation of CFRA Rights—Affirmative Defense—Employment Would Have Ceased

VF-2602 CFRA Rights Retaliation

VF-2603–VF-2699. Reserved for Future Use

LABOR CODE ACTIONS

Synopsis to Series 2700 : LABOR CODE ACTIONS

2700 Nonpayment of Wages—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, §§ 201, 202, 218)

2701 Nonpayment of Minimum Wage—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1194)

2702 Nonpayment of Overtime Compensation—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1194)

2703 Nonpayment of Overtime Compensation—Proof of Overtime Hours Worked

2704 Damages—Waiting-Time Penalty for Nonpayment of Wages (Lab. Code, §§ 203, 218)

2705 Affirmative Defense to Labor Code, Unemployment Insurance Code, and Wage Order Violations—Plaintiff Was Not Defendant’s Employee (Lab. Code, § 2750.3)

2706–2709. Reserved for Future Use

2710 Solicitation of Employee by Misrepresentation—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 970)

2711 Preventing Subsequent Employment by Misrepresentation—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1050)

2712–2719. Reserved for Future Use

2720 Affirmative Defense—Nonpayment of Overtime—Executive Exemption

2721 Affirmative Defense—Nonpayment of Overtime—Administrative Exemption

2722–2731. Reserved for Future Use

2732 Retaliatory Unfair Immigration-Related Practice—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1019)

2733–2739. Reserved for Future Use

2740 Violation of Equal Pay Act—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1197.5)

2741 Affirmative Defense—Different Pay Justified

2742 Bona Fide Factor Other Than Sex, Race, or Ethnicity

2743 Equal Pay Act—Retaliation—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1197.5(k))

2744–2799. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2700 Nonpayment of Wages (Lab. Code, §§ 201, 202, 218)

VF-2701 Nonpayment of Minimum Wage (Lab. Code, § 1194)

VF-2702 Nonpayment of Overtime Compensation (Lab. Code, § 1194)

VF-2703 Waiting-Time Penalty for Nonpayment of Wages (Lab. Code, §§ 203, 218)

VF-2704 Solicitation of Employee by Misrepresentation (Lab. Code, § 970)

VF-2705 Preventing Subsequent Employment by Misrepresentation (Lab. Code, § 1050)

VF-2706–VF-2799. Reserved for Future Use

WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

Synopsis to Series 2800 : WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

2800 Employer’s Affirmative Defense—Injury Covered by Workers’ Compensation

2801 Employer’s Willful Physical Assault—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(1))

2802 Fraudulent Concealment of Injury—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(2))

2803 Employer’s Defective Product—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(3))

2804 Removal or Noninstallation of Power Press Guards—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 4558)

2805 Employee Not Within Course of Employment—Employer Conduct Unrelated to Employment

2806–2809. Reserved for Future Use

2810 Coemployee’s Affirmative Defense—Injury Covered by Workers’ Compensation

2811 Co-Employee’s Willful and Unprovoked Physical Act of Aggression—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 3601(a)(1))

2812 Injury Caused by Co-Employee’s Intoxication—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 3601(a)(2))

2813–2899. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2800 Employer’s Willful Physical Assault (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(1))

VF-2801 Fraudulent Concealment of Injury (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(2))

VF-2802 Employer’s Defective Product (Lab. Code, § 3602(b)(3))

VF-2803 Removal or Noninstallation of Power Press Guards (Lab. Code, § 4558)

VF-2804 Co-Employee’s Willful and Unprovoked Physical Act of Aggression (Lab. Code, § 3601(a)(1))

VF-2805 Injury Caused by Co-Employee’s Intoxication (Lab. Code, § 3601(a)(2))

VF-2806–VF-2899. Reserved for Future Use

FEDERAL EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY ACT

Synopsis to Series 2900 : FEDERAL EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY ACT

2900 FELA—Essential Factual Elements

2901 Negligence—Duty of Railroad

2902 Negligence—Assignment of Employees

2903 Causation—Negligence

2904 Comparative Fault

2905 Compliance With Employer’s Requests or Directions

2906–2919. Reserved for Future Use

2920 Federal Safety Appliance Act or Boiler Inspection Act—Essential Factual Elements

2921 Causation Under FSAA or BIA

2922 Statute of Limitations—Special Verdict Form or Interrogatory

2923 Borrowed Servant/Dual Employee

2924 Status as Defendant’s Employee—Subservant Company

2925 Status of Defendant as Common Carrier

2926 Scope of Employment

2927–2939. Reserved for Future Use

2940 Income Tax Effects of Award

2941 Introduction to Damages for Personal Injury

2942 Damages for Death of Employee

2943–2999. Reserved for Future Use

VF-2900 FELA—Negligence—Plaintiff’s Negligence at Issue

VF-2901 Federal Safety Appliance Act or Boiler Inspection Act

VF-2902–VF-2999. Reserved for Future Use

CIVIL RIGHTS

Synopsis to Series 3000 : CIVIL RIGHTS

3000 Violation of Federal Civil Rights—In General—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3001 Local Government Liability—Policy or Custom—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3002 “Official Policy or Custom” Explained (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3003 Local Government Liability—Failure to Train—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3004 Local Government Liability—Act or Ratification by Official With Final Policymaking Authority—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3005 Supervisor Liability for Acts of Subordinates (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3006–3019. Reserved for Future Use

3020 Excessive Use of Force—Unreasonable Arrest or Other Seizure—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3021 Unlawful Arrest by Peace Officer Without a Warrant—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3022 Unreasonable Search—Search With a Warrant—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3023 Unreasonable Search or Seizure—Search or Seizure Without a Warrant—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3024 Affirmative Defense—Search Incident to Lawful Arrest

3025 Affirmative Defense—Consent to Search

3026 Affirmative Defense—Exigent Circumstances

3027 Affirmative Defense—Emergency

3028–3039. Reserved for Future Use

3040 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Substantial Risk of Serious Harm (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3041 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Medical Care (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3042 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Excessive Force (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3043 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Deprivation of Necessities (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3044–3049. Reserved for Future Use

3050 Retaliation—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3051 Unlawful Removal of Child From Parental Custody Without a Warrant—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3052 Use of Fabricated Evidence—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3053 Retaliation for Exercise of Free Speech Rights—Public Employee—Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

3054–3059. Reserved for Future Use

3060 Unruh Civil Rights Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52)

3061 Discrimination in Business Dealings—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 51.5)

3062 Gender Price Discrimination—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 51.6)

3063 Acts of Violence—Ralph Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 51.7)

3064 Threats of Violence—Ralph Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 51.7)

3065 Sexual Harassment in Defined Relationship—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 51.9)

3066 Bane Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 52.1)

3067 Unruh Civil Rights Act—Damages (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52(a))

3068 Ralph Act—Damages and Penalty (Civ. Code, §§ 51.7, 52(b))

3069 Harassment in Educational Institution (Ed. Code, § 220)

3070 Disability Discrimination—Access Barriers to Public Facility—Construction-Related Accessibility Standards Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, §§ 54.3, 55.56)

3071 Retaliation for Refusing to Authorize Disclosure of Medical Information—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 56.20(b))

3072–3099. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3000 Violation of Federal Civil Rights—In General (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3001 Public Entity Liability (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3002 Public Entity Liability—Failure to Train (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3003–VF-3009. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3010 Excessive Use of Force—Unreasonable Arrest or Other Seizure (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3011 Unreasonable Search—Search With a Warrant (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3012 Unreasonable Search or Seizure—Search or Seizure Without a Warrant (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3013 Unreasonable Search—Search Without a Warrant—Affirmative Defense—Search Incident to Lawful Arrest (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3014–VF-3019. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3020 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Excessive Force (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3021 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Substantial Risk of Serious Harm (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3022 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Medical Care (42 U.S.C. § 1983)

VF-3023 Violation of Prisoner’s Federal Civil Rights—Eighth Amendment—Deprivation of Necessities

VF-3024–VF-3029. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3030 Unruh Civil Rights Act (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52(a))

VF-3031 Discrimination in Business Dealings (Civ. Code, §§ 51.5, 52(a))

VF-3032 Gender Price Discrimination (Civ. Code, § 51.6)

VF-3033 Ralph Act (Civ. Code, § 51.7)

VF-3034 Sexual Harassment in Defined Relationship (Civ. Code, § 51.9)

VF-3035 Bane Act (Civ. Code, § 52.1)

VF-3036–VF-3099. Reserved for Future Use

ELDER ABUSE AND DEPENDENT ADULT CIVIL PROTECTION ACT

Synopsis to Series 3100 : ELDER ABUSE AND DEPENDENT ADULT CIVIL PROTECTION ACT

3100 Financial Abuse—Essential Factual Elements (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30)

3101 Financial Abuse—Decedent’s Pain and Suffering (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657.5)

3102A Employer Liability for Enhanced Remedies—Both Individual and Employer Defendants (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15657, 15657.05; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

3102B Employer Liability for Enhanced Remedies—Employer Defendant Only (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15657, 15657.05; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

3103 Neglect—Essential Factual Elements (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.57)

3104 Neglect—Enhanced Remedies Sought (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657)

3105. Reserved for Future Use

3106 Physical Abuse—Essential Factual Elements (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.63)

3107 Physical Abuse—Enhanced Remedies Sought (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657)

3108. Reserved for Future Use

3109 Abduction—Essential Factual Elements (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.06)

3110 Abduction—Enhanced Remedies Sought (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657.05)

3111. Reserved for Future Use

3112 “Dependent Adult” Explained (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.23)

3113 “Recklessness” Explained

3114 “Malice” Explained

3115 “Oppression” Explained

3116 “Fraud” Explained

3117 Financial Abuse—“Undue Influence” Explained

3118–3199. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3100 Financial Abuse—Individual or Individual and Employer Defendants (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.30, 15657.5(b))

VF-3101 Financial Abuse—Employer Defendant Only (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.30, 15657.5(b))

VF-3102 Neglect—Individual or Individual and Employer Defendants (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.57, 15657; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3103 Neglect—Employer Defendant Only (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.57, 15657; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3104 Physical Abuse—Individual or Individual and Employer Defendants (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.63, 15657; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3105 Physical Abuse—Employer Defendant Only (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.63, 15657; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3106 Abduction—Individual or Individual and Employer Defendants (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.06, 15657.05; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3107 Abduction—Employer Defendant Only (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.06, 15657.05; Civ. Code, § 3294(b))

VF-3108–VF-3199. Reserved for Future Use

Table A Elder Abuse: Causes of Action, Remedies, and Employer Liability

SONG-BEVERLY CONSUMER WARRANTY ACT

Synopsis to Series 3200 : SONG-BEVERLY CONSUMER WARRANTY ACT

3200 Failure to Repurchase or Replace Consumer Good After Reasonable Number of Repair Opportunities—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1793.2(d))

3201 Failure to Promptly Repurchase or Replace New Motor Vehicle After Reasonable Number of Repair Opportunities—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1793.2(d))

3202 “Repair Opportunities” Explained

3203 Reasonable Number of Repair Opportunities—Rebuttable Presumption (Civ. Code, § 1793.22(b))

3204 “Substantially Impaired” Explained

3205 Failure to Begin Repairs Within Reasonable Time or to Complete Repairs Within 30 Days—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1793.2(b))

3206 Breach of Disclosure Obligations—Essential Factual Elements

3207–3209. Reserved for Future Use

3210 Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability—Essential Factual Elements

3211 Breach of Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose—Essential Factual Elements

3212 Duration of Implied Warranty

3213–3219. Reserved for Future Use

3220 Affirmative Defense—Unauthorized or Unreasonable Use

3221 Affirmative Defense—Disclaimer of Implied Warranties

3222 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations (Cal. U. Com. Code, § 2725)

3223–3229. Reserved for Future Use

3230 Continued Reasonable Use Permitted

3231 Continuation of Express or Implied Warranty During Repairs (Civ. Code, § 1795.6)

3232–3239. Reserved for Future Use

3240 Reimbursement Damages—Consumer Goods (Civ. Code, §§ 1793.2(d)(1), 1794(b))

3241 Restitution From Manufacturer—New Motor Vehicle (Civ. Code, §§ 1793.2(d)(2), 1794(b))

3242 Incidental Damages

3243 Consequential Damages

3244 Civil Penalty—Willful Violation (Civ. Code, § 1794(c))

3245–3299. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3200 Failure to Repurchase or Replace Consumer Good After Reasonable Number of Repair Opportunities (Civ. Code, § 1793.2(d))

VF-3201 Consequential Damages

VF-3202 Failure to Repurchase or Replace Consumer Good After Reasonable Number of Repair Opportunities—Affirmative Defense—Unauthorized or Unreasonable Use (Civ. Code, § 1793.2(d))

VF-3203 Breach of Express Warranty—New Motor Vehicle—Civil Penalty Sought

VF-3204 Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability

VF-3205 Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability—Affirmative Defense—Disclaimer of Implied Warranties

VF-3206 Breach of Disclosure Obligations

VF-3207–VF-3299. Reserved for Future Use

UNFAIR PRACTICES ACT

Synopsis to Series 3300 : UNFAIR PRACTICES ACT

3300 Locality Discrimination—Essential Factual Elements

3301 Below Cost Sales—Essential Factual Elements

3302 Loss Leader Sales—Essential Factual Elements

3303 Definition of “Cost”

3304 Presumptions Concerning Costs—Manufacturer

3305 Presumptions Concerning Costs—Distributor

3306 Methods of Allocating Costs to an Individual Product

3307–3319. Reserved for Future Use

3320 Secret Rebates—Essential Factual Elements

3321 Secret Rebates—Definition of “Secret”

3322–3329. Reserved for Future Use

3330 Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination Claim—Cost Justification

3331 Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, and Loss Leader Sales Claims—Closed-out, Discontinued, Damaged, or Perishable Items

3332 Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, Loss Leader Sales, and Secret Rebates—Functional Classifications

3333 Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, and Loss Leader Sales Claims—Meeting Competition

3334 Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination Claim—Manufacturer Meeting Downstream Competition

3335 Affirmative Defense—“Good Faith” Explained

3336–3399. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3300 Locality Discrimination

VF-3301 Locality Discrimination Claim—Affirmative Defense—Cost Justification

VF-3302 Below Cost Sales

VF-3303 Below Cost Sales Claim—Affirmative Defense—Closed-out, Discontinued, Damaged, or Perishable Items

VF-3304 Loss Leader Sales

VF-3305 Loss Leader Sales Claim—Affirmative Defense—Meeting Competition

VF-3306 Secret Rebates

VF-3307 Secret Rebates Claim—Affirmative Defense—Functional Classifications

VF-3308–VF-3399. Reserved for Future Use

CARTWRIGHT ACT

Synopsis to Series 3400 : CARTWRIGHT ACT

3400 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Price Fixing—Essential Factual Elements

3401 Horizontal Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Allocation of Trade or Commerce—Essential Factual Elements

3402 Horizontal Restraints—Dual Distributor Restraints—Essential Factual Elements

3403 Horizontal Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Group Boycott—Per Se Violation—Essential Factual Elements

3404 Horizontal Restraints—Group Boycott—Rule of Reason—Essential Factual Elements

3405 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors or Supplier/Reseller Relations)—Other Unreasonable Restraint of Trade—Rule of Reason—Essential Factual Elements

3406 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints—“Agreement” Explained

3407 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints—Agreement Between Company and Its Employee

3408 Vertical Restraints—“Coercion” Explained

3409 Vertical Restraints—Termination of Reseller

3410 Vertical Restraints—Agreement Between Seller and Reseller’s Competitor

3411 Rule of Reason—Anticompetitive Versus Beneficial Effects

3412 Rule of Reason—“Market Power” Explained

3413 Rule of Reason—“Product Market” Explained

3414 Rule of Reason—“Geographic Market” Explained

3415–3419. Reserved for Future Use

3420 Tying—Real Estate, Products, or Services—Essential Factual Elements (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 16720)

3421 Tying—Products or Services—Essential Factual Elements (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 16727)

3422 Tying—“Separate Products” Explained

3423 Tying—“Economic Power” Explained

3424–3429. Reserved for Future Use

3430 “Noerr-Pennington” Doctrine

3431 Affirmative Defense—In Pari Delicto

3432–3439. Reserved for Future Use

3440 Damages

3441–3499. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3400 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Price Fixing

VF-3401 Horizontal Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Allocation of Trade or Commerce

VF-3402 Horizontal Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Allocation of Trade or Commerce—Affirmative Defense—In Pari Delicto

VF-3403 Horizontal Restraints—Dual Distributor Restraints

VF-3404 Horizontal Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)—Group Boycott—Per Se Violation

VF-3405 Horizontal Restraints—Group Boycott—Rule of Reason

VF-3406 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors or Supplier/Reseller Relations)—Other Unreasonable Restraint of Trade—Rule of Reason

VF-3407 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors or Supplier/Reseller Relations)—Other Unreasonable Restraint of Trade—Rule of Reason Affirmative Defense—“Noerr-Pennington” Doctrine

VF-3408 Tying—Real Estate, Products, or Services (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 16720)

VF-3409 Tying—Products or Services (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 16727)

VF-3410–VF-3499. Reserved for Future Use

EMINENT DOMAIN

Synopsis to Series 3500 : EMINENT DOMAIN

3500 Introductory Instruction

3501 “Fair Market Value” Explained

3502 “Highest and Best Use” Explained

3503 Change in Zoning or Land Use Restriction

3504 Project Enhanced Value

3505 Information Discovered after Date of Valuation

3506 Effect of Improvements

3507 Personal Property and Inventory

3508 Bonus Value of Leasehold Interest

3509A Precondemnation Damages—Unreasonable Delay (Klopping Damages)

3509B Precondemnation Damages—Public Entity’s Authorized Entry to Investigate Property’s Suitability (Code Civ. Proc., § 1245.060)

3510 Value of Easement

3511A Severance Damages to Remainder (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1263.410, 1263.420(a))

3511B Damage to Remainder During Construction (Code Civ. Proc., § 1263.420(b))

3512 Severance Damages—Offset for Benefits

3513 Goodwill

3514 Burden of Proof

3515 Valuation Testimony

3516 View

3517 Comparable Sales (Evid. Code, § 816)

3518–3599. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3500 Fair Market Value Plus Goodwill

VF-3501 Fair Market Value Plus Severance Damages

VF-3502 Fair Market Value Plus Loss of Inventory/Personal Property

VF-3503–VF-3599. Reserved for Future Use

CONSPIRACY

Synopsis to Series 3600 : CONSPIRACY

3600 Conspiracy—Essential Factual Elements

3601 Ongoing Conspiracy

3602 Affirmative Defense—Agent and Employee Immunity Rule

3603–3609. Reserved for Future Use

3610 Aiding and Abetting Tort—Essential Factual Elements

3611–3699. Reserved for Future Use

VICARIOUS RESPONSIBILITY

Synopsis to Series 3700 : VICARIOUS RESPONSIBILITY

3700 Introduction to Vicarious Responsibility

3701 Tort Liability Asserted Against Principal—Essential Factual Elements

3702 Affirmative Defense—Comparative Fault of Plaintiff’s Agent

3703 Legal Relationship Not Disputed

3704 Existence of “Employee” Status Disputed

3705 Existence of “Agency” Relationship Disputed

3706 Special Employment—Lending Employer Denies Responsibility for Worker’s Acts

3707 Special Employment—Joint Responsibility

3708 Peculiar-Risk Doctrine

3709 Ostensible Agent

3710 Ratification

3711 Partnerships

3712 Joint Ventures

3713 Nondelegable Duty

3714–3719. Reserved for Future Use

3720 Scope of Employment

3721 Scope of Employment—Peace Officer’s Misuse of Authority

3722 Scope of Employment—Unauthorized Acts

3723 Substantial Deviation

3724 Social or Recreational Activities

3725 Going-and-Coming Rule—Vehicle-Use Exception

3726 Going-and-Coming Rule—Business-Errand Exception

3727 Going-and-Coming Rule—Compensated Travel Time Exception

3728–3799. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3700 Negligence—Vicarious Liability

VF-3701–VF-3799. Reserved for Future Use

EQUITABLE INDEMNITY

Synopsis to Series 3800 : EQUITABLE INDEMNITY

3800 Comparative Fault Between and Among Tortfeasors

3801 Implied Contractual Indemnity

3802–3899. Reserved for Future Use

DAMAGES

Synopsis to Series 3900 : DAMAGES

3900 Introduction to Tort Damages—Liability Contested

3901 Introduction to Tort Damages—Liability Established

3902 Economic and Noneconomic Damages

3903 Items of Economic Damage

3903A Medical Expenses—Past and Future (Economic Damage)

3903B Medical Monitoring—Toxic Exposure (Economic Damage)

3903C Past and Future Lost Earnings (Economic Damage)

3903D Lost Earning Capacity (Economic Damage)

3903E Loss of Ability to Provide Household Services (Economic Damage)

3903F Damage to Real Property (Economic Damage)

3903G Loss of Use of Real Property (Economic Damage)

3903H Damage to Annual Crop (Economic Damage)

3903I Damage to Perennial Crop (Economic Damage)

3903J Damage to Personal Property (Economic Damage)

3903K Loss or Destruction of Personal Property (Economic Damage)

3903L Damage to Personal Property Having Special Value (Civ. Code, § 3355) (Economic Damage)

3903M Loss of Use of Personal Property (Economic Damage)

3903N Lost Profits (Economic Damage)

3903O Injury to Pet—Costs of Treatment (Economic Damage)

3903P Damages From Employer for Wrongful Discharge (Economic Damage)

3903Q Survival Damages (Economic Damage) (Code Civ. Proc., § 377.34)

3904A Present Cash Value

3904B Use of Present-Value Tables

3905 Items of Noneconomic Damage

3905A Physical Pain, Mental Suffering, and Emotional Distress (Noneconomic Damage)

3906 Lost Earnings and Lost Earning Capacity—Jurors Not to Reduce Damages on Basis of Race, Ethnicity, or Gender (Economic Damage)

3907–3919. Reserved for Future Use

3920 Loss of Consortium (Noneconomic Damage)

3921 Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)

3922 Wrongful Death (Parents’ Recovery for Death of a Minor Child)

3923 Public Entities—Collateral Source Payments (Gov. Code, § 985)

3924 No Punitive Damages

3925 Arguments of Counsel Not Evidence of Damages

3926 Settlement Deduction

3927 Aggravation of Preexisting Condition or Disability

3928 Unusually Susceptible Plaintiff

3929 Subsequent Medical Treatment or Aid

3930 Mitigation of Damages (Personal Injury)

3931 Mitigation of Damages (Property Damage)

3932 Life Expectancy

3933 Damages From Multiple Defendants

3934 Damages on Multiple Legal Theories

3935 Prejudgment Interest (Civ. Code, § 3288)

3936–3939. Reserved for Future Use

3940 Punitive Damages—Individual Defendant—Trial Not Bifurcated

3941 Punitive Damages—Individual Defendant—Bifurcated Trial (First Phase)

3942 Punitive Damages—Individual Defendant—Bifurcated Trial (Second Phase)

3943 Punitive Damages Against Employer or Principal for Conduct of a Specific Agent or Employee—Trial Not Bifurcated

3944 Punitive Damages Against Employer or Principal for Conduct of a Specific Agent or Employee—Bifurcated Trial (First Phase)

3945 Punitive Damages—Entity Defendant—Trial Not Bifurcated

3946 Punitive Damages—Entity Defendant—Bifurcated Trial (First Phase)

3947 Punitive Damages—Individual and Entity Defendants—Trial Not Bifurcated

3948 Punitive Damages—Individual and Corporate Defendants (Corporate Liability Based on Acts of Named Individual)—Bifurcated Trial (First Phase)

3949 Punitive Damages—Individual and Corporate Defendants (Corporate Liability Based on Acts of Named Individual)—Bifurcated Trial (Second Phase)

3950–3959. Reserved for Future Use

3960 Comparative Fault of Plaintiff—General Verdict

3961 Duty to Mitigate Damages for Past Lost Earnings

3962 Duty to Mitigate Damages for Future Lost Earnings

3963 Affirmative Defense—Employee’s Duty to Mitigate Damages

3964 Jurors Not to Consider Attorney Fees and Court Costs

3965 No Deduction for Workers’ Compensation Benefits Paid

3966–3999. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3900 Punitive Damages

VF-3901 Punitive Damages Against Employer or Principal for Conduct of a Specific Agent or Employee

VF-3902 Punitive Damages—Entity Defendant

VF-3903 Punitive Damages—Entity Defendant—Ratification

VF-3904 Punitive Damages—Entity Defendant—Authorization

VF-3905 Damages for Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)

VF-3906 Damages for Wrongful Death (Parents’ Recovery for Death of a Minor Child)

VF-3907 Damages for Loss of Consortium (Noneconomic Damage)

VF-3908–VF-3919. Reserved for Future Use

VF-3920 Damages on Multiple Legal Theories

VF-3921–VF-3999. Reserved for Future Use

LETM Life Expectancy Table—Male

LETF Life Expectancy Table—Female

LANTERMAN-PETRIS-SHORT ACT

Synopsis to Series 4000 : LANTERMAN-PETRIS-SHORT ACT

4000 Conservatorship—Essential Factual Elements

4001 “Mental Disorder” Explained

4002 “Gravely Disabled” Explained

4003 “Gravely Disabled” Minor Explained

4004 Issues Not to Be Considered

4005 Obligation to Prove—Reasonable Doubt

4006 Sufficiency of Indirect Circumstantial Evidence

4007 Third Party Assistance

4008 Third Party Assistance to Minor

4009 Physical Restraint

4010 Limiting Instruction—Expert Testimony

4011 History of Disorder Relevant to the Determination of Grave Disability

4012 Concluding Instruction

4013 Disqualification From Voting

4014–4099. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4000 Conservatorship—Verdict Form

VF-4001–VF-4099. Reserved for Future Use

BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY

Synopsis to Series 4100 : BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY

4100 “Fiduciary Duty” Explained

4101 Failure to Use Reasonable Care—Essential Factual Elements

4102 Duty of Undivided Loyalty—Essential Factual Elements

4103 Duty of Confidentiality—Essential Factual Elements

4104 Duties of Escrow Holder

4105 Duties of Stockbroker—Speculative Securities

4106 Breach of Fiduciary Duty by Attorney—Essential Factual Elements

4107 Duty of Disclosure by Real Estate Broker to Client

4108 Failure of Seller’s Real Estate Broker to Conduct Reasonable Inspection—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 2079)

4109 Duty of Disclosure by Seller’s Real Estate Broker to Buyer

4110 Breach of Duty by Real Estate Seller’s Agent—Inaccurate Information in Multiple Listing Service—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1088)

4111 Constructive Fraud (Civ. Code, § 1573)

4112–4119. Reserved for Future Use

4120 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations

4121–4199. Reserved for Future Use

Series 4200 UNIFORM VOIDABLE TRANSACTIONS ACT

Synopsis to Series 4200 : UNIFORM VOIDABLE TRANSACTIONS ACT

4200 Actual Intent to Hinder, Delay, or Defraud a Creditor—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 3439.04(a)(1))

4201 Factors to Consider in Determining Actual Intent to Hinder, Delay, or Defraud (Civ. Code, § 3439.04(b))

4202 Constructive Fraudulent Transfer—No Reasonably Equivalent Value Received—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 3439.04(a)(2))

4203 Constructive Fraudulent Transfer—Insolvency—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 3439.05)

4204 “Transfer” Explained

4205 “Insolvency” Explained

4206 Presumption of Insolvency

4207 Affirmative Defense—Good Faith (Civ. Code, § 3439.08(a), (f)(1))

4208 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Actual and Constructive Fraud (Civ. Code, § 3439.09(a), (b))

4209–4299. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4200 Actual Intent to Hinder, Delay, or Defraud Creditor—Affirmative Defense—Good Faith

VF-4201 Constructive Fraudulent Transfer—No Reasonably Equivalent Value Received

VF-4202 Constructive Fraudulent Transfer—Insolvency

VF-4203–VF-4299. Reserved for Future Use

UNLAWFUL DETAINER

Synopsis to Series 4300 : UNLAWFUL DETAINER

4300 Introductory Instruction

4301 Expiration of Fixed-Term Tenancy—Essential Factual Elements

4302 Termination for Failure to Pay Rent—Essential Factual Elements

4303 Sufficiency and Service of Notice of Termination for Failure to Pay Rent

4304 Termination for Violation of Terms of Lease/Agreement—Essential Factual Elements

4305 Sufficiency and Service of Notice of Termination for Violation of Terms of Agreement

4306 Termination of Month-to-Month Tenancy—Essential Factual Elements

4307 Sufficiency and Service of Notice of Termination of Month-to-Month Tenancy

4308 Termination for Nuisance or Unlawful Use—Essential Factual Elements (Code Civ. Proc., § 1161(4))

4309 Sufficiency and Service of Notice of Termination for Nuisance or Unlawful Use

4310–4319. Reserved for Future Use

4320 Affirmative Defense—Implied Warranty of Habitability

4321 Affirmative Defense—Retaliatory Eviction—Tenant’s Complaint (Civ. Code, § 1942.5)

4322 Affirmative Defense—Retaliatory Eviction—Engaging in Legally Protected Activity (Civ. Code, § 1942.5(d))

4323 Affirmative Defense—Discriminatory Eviction (Unruh Act)

4324 Affirmative Defense—Waiver by Acceptance of Rent

4325 Affirmative Defense—Failure to Comply With Rent Control Ordinance/Tenant Protection Act

4326 Affirmative Defense—Repair and Deduct

4327 Affirmative Defense—Landlord’s Refusal of Rent

4328 Affirmative Defense—Tenant Was Victim of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Stalking, Elder/Dependent Adult Abuse, or Human Trafficking (Code Civ. Proc., § 1161.3)

4329–4339. Reserved for Future Use

4340 Damages for Reasonable Rental Value

4341 Statutory Damages on Showing of Malice (Code Civ. Proc., § 1174(b))

4342 Reduced Rent for Breach of Habitability

4343–4399. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4300 Termination Due to Failure to Pay Rent

VF-4301 Termination Due to Failure to Pay Rent—Affirmative Defense—Breach of Implied Warranty of Habitability

VF-4302 Termination Due to Violation of Terms of Lease/Agreement

VF-4303–VF-4399. Reserved for Future Use

TRADE SECRETS

Synopsis to Series 4400 : TRADE SECRETS

4400 Misappropriation of Trade Secrets—Introduction

4401 Misappropriation of Trade Secrets—Essential Factual Elements

4402 “Trade Secret” Defined

4403 Secrecy Requirement

4404 Reasonable Efforts to Protect Secrecy

4405 Misappropriation by Acquisition

4406 Misappropriation by Disclosure

4407 Misappropriation by Use

4408 Improper Means of Acquiring Trade Secret

4409 Remedies for Misappropriation of Trade Secret

4410 Unjust Enrichment

4411 Punitive Damages for Willful and Malicious Misappropriation

4412 “Independent Economic Value” Explained

4413–4419. Reserved for Future Use

4420 Affirmative Defense—Information Was Readily Ascertainable by Proper Means

4421 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Three-Year Limit (Civ. Code, § 3426.6)

4422–4499. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4400 Misappropriation of Trade Secrets

VF-4401–VF-4499. Reserved for Future Use

CONSTRUCTION LAW

Synopsis to Series 4500 : CONSTRUCTION LAW

4500 Breach of Implied Warranty of Correctness of Plans and Specifications—Essential Factual Elements

4501 Owner’s Liability for Failing to Disclose Important Information Regarding a Construction Project—Essential Factual Elements

4502 Breach of Implied Covenant to Provide Necessary Items Within Owner’s Control—Essential Factual Elements

4503–4509. Reserved for Future Use

4510 Breach of Implied Covenant to Perform Work in a Good and Competent Manner—Essential Factual Elements

4511 Affirmative Defense—Contractor Followed Plans and Specifications

4512–4519. Reserved for Future Use

4520 Contractor’s Claim for Changed or Extra Work

4521 Owner’s Claim That Contract Procedures Regarding Change Orders Were Not Followed

4522 Waiver of Written Approval or Notice Requirements for Changed or Additional Work

4523 Contractor’s Claim for Additional Compensation—Abandonment of Contract

4524 Contractor’s Claim for Compensation Due Under Contract—Substantial Performance

4525–4529. Reserved for Future Use

4530 Owner’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Work Does Not Conform to Contract

4531 Owner’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Failure to Complete Work

4532 Owner’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Liquidated Damages Under Contract for Delay

4533–4539. Reserved for Future Use

4540 Contractor’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Change Orders/Extra Work

4541 Contractor’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Change Orders/Extra Work—Total Cost Recovery

4542 Contractor’s Damages for Abandoned Construction Contract—Quantum Meruit Recovery

4543 Contractor’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Owner-Caused Delay or Acceleration

4544 Contractor’s Damages for Breach of Construction Contract—Inefficiency Because of Owner Conduct

4545–4549. Reserved for Future Use

4550 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Patent Construction Defect (Code Civ. Proc., § 337.1)

4551 Affirmative Defense—Statute of Limitations—Latent Construction Defect (Code Civ. Proc., § 337.15)

4552 Affirmative Defense—Work Completed and Accepted—Patent Defect

4553–4559. Reserved for Future Use

4560 Recovery of Payments to Unlicensed Contractor (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 7031(b))

4561 Damages—All Payments Made to Unlicensed Contractor

4562–4569. Reserved for Future Use

4570 Right to Repair Act—Construction Defects—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 896)

4571 Right to Repair Act—Damages (Civ. Code, § 944)

4572 Right to Repair Act—Affirmative Defense—Act of Nature (Civ. Code, § 945.5(a))

4573 Right to Repair Act—Affirmative Defense—Unreasonable Failure to Minimize or Prevent Damage (Civ. Code, § 945.5(b))

4574 Right to Repair Act—Affirmative Defense—Plaintiff’s Subsequent Acts or Omissions (Civ. Code, § 945.5(d))

4575 Right to Repair Act—Affirmative Defense—Failure to Follow Recommendations or to Maintain (Civ. Code, § 945.5(c))

4576–4599. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4500 Owner’s Failure to Disclose Important Information Regarding Construction Project

VF-4501–VF-4509. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4510 Breach of Implied Covenant to Perform Work in a Good and Competent Manner—Affirmative Defense—Contractor Followed Plans and Specifications

VF-4511–VF-4519. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4520 Contractor’s Claim for Changed or Extra Work—Owner’s Response That Contract Procedures Not Followed—Contractor’s Claim of Waiver

VF-4521–VF-4599. Reserved for Future Use

WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION

Synopsis to Series 4600 : WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION

4600 False Claims Act: Whistleblower Protection—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12653)

4601 Protected Disclosure by State Employee—California Whistleblower Protection Act—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 8547.8(c))

4602 Affirmative Defense—Same Decision (Gov. Code, § 8547.8(e))

4603 Whistleblower Protection—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 1102.5)

4604 Affirmative Defense—Same Decision (Lab. Code, § 1102.6)

4605 Whistleblower Protection—Health or Safety Complaint—Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, § 6310)

4606 Whistleblower Protection—Unsafe Patient Care and Conditions—Essential Factual Elements (Health & Saf. Code, § 1278.5)

4607–4699. Reserved for Future Use

VF-4600 False Claims Act: Whistleblower Protection (Gov. Code, § 12653)

VF-4601 Protected Disclosure by State Employee—California Whistleblower Protection Act—Affirmative Defense—Same Decision (Gov. Code, § 8547.8(c))

VF-4602 Whistleblower Protection—Affirmative Defense of Same Decision (Lab. Code, §§ 1102.5, 1102.6)

VF-4603–VF-4699. Reserved for Future Use

CONSUMERS LEGAL REMEDIES ACT

Synopsis to Series 4700 : CONSUMERS LEGAL REMEDIES ACT

4700 Consumers Legal Remedies Act—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 1770)

4701 Consumers Legal Remedies Act—Notice Requirement for Damages (Civ. Code, § 1782)

4702 Consumers Legal Remedies Act—Statutory Damages—Senior or Disabled Plaintiff (Civ. Code, § 1780(b))

4703–4709. Reserved for Future Use

4710 Consumers Legal Remedies Act—Affirmative Defense—Bona Fide Error and Correction (Civ. Code, § 1784)

4711–4799. Reserved for Future Use

CALIFORNIA FALSE CLAIMS ACT

Synopsis to Series 4800 : CALIFORNIA FALSE CLAIMS ACT

4800 False Claims Act—Essential Factual Elements (Gov. Code, § 12651)

4801 Implied Certification of Compliance With All Contractual Provisions—Essential Factual Elements

4802–4899. Reserved for Future Use

REAL PROPERTY LAW

Synopsis to Series 4900 : REAL PROPERTY LAW

4900 Adverse Possession

4901 Prescriptive Easement

4902 Interference With Secondary Easement

4903–4909. Reserved for Future Use

4910 Violation of Homeowner Bill of Rights—Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, § 2924.12(b))

4911–4919. Reserved for Future Use

4920 Wrongful Foreclosure—Essential Factual Elements

4921 Wrongful Foreclosure—Tender Excused

4922–4999. Reserved for Future Use

CONCLUDING INSTRUCTIONS

Synopsis to Series 5000 : CONCLUDING INSTRUCTIONS

5000 Duties of the Judge and Jury

5001 Insurance

5002 Evidence

5003 Witnesses

5004 Service Provider for Juror With Disability

5005 Multiple Parties

5006 Nonperson Party

5007 Removal of Claims or Parties and Remaining Claims and Parties

5008 Duty to Abide by Translation Provided in Court

5009 Predeliberation Instructions

5010 Taking Notes During the Trial

5011 Reading Back of Trial Testimony in Jury Room

5012 Introduction to Special Verdict Form

5013 Deadlocked Jury Admonition

5014 Substitution of Alternate Juror

5015 Instruction to Alternate Jurors on Submission of Case to Jury

5016 Judge’s Commenting on Evidence

5017 Polling the Jury

5018 Audio or Video Recording and Transcription

5019 Questions From Jurors

5020 Demonstrative Evidence

5021 Electronic Evidence

5022 Introduction to General Verdict Form

5023–5089. Reserved for Future Use

5090 Final Instruction on Discharge of Jury

5091–5099. Reserved for Future Use

VF-5000 General Verdict Form—Single Plaintiff—Single Defendant—Single Cause of Action

VF-5001 General Verdict Form—Single Plaintiff—Single Defendant—Multiple Causes of Action

VF-5002–VF-5099. Reserved for Future Use

DT Disposition Table

Synopsis to DT : Disposition Table

DT Disposition Table